BackgroundLow total testosterone (TT) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations have been associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in men, but the reported strength of association varies considerably.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate whether associations differ across specific subgroups (according to age and body mass index (BMI)) and individual MetS components.Data sourcesTwo previously published meta-analyses including an updated systematic search in PubMed and EMBASE.Study Eligibility CriteriaCross-sectional or prospective observational studies with data on TT and/or SHBG concentrations in combination with MetS in men.MethodsWe conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis of 20 observational studies. Mixed effects models were used to assess cross-sectional and prospective associations of TT, SHBG and free testosterone (FT) with MetS and its individual components. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated and effect modification by age and BMI was studied.ResultsMen with low concentrations of TT, SHBG or FT were more likely to have prevalent MetS (ORs per quartile decrease were 1.69 (95% CI 1.60-1.77), 1.73 (95% CI 1.62-1.85) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.36-1.57) for TT, SHBG and FT, respectively) and incident MetS (HRs per quartile decrease were 1.25 (95% CI 1.16-1.36), 1.44 (95% 1.30-1.60) and 1.14 (95% 1.01-1.28) for TT, SHBG and FT, respectively). Overall, the magnitude of associations was largest in non-overweight men and varied across individual components: stronger associations were observed with hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity and hyperglycaemia and associations were weakest for hypertension.ConclusionsAssociations of testosterone and SHBG with MetS vary according to BMI and individual MetS components. These findings provide further insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking low testosterone and SHBG concentrations to cardiometabolic risk.

Two sisters with primary hypergonadotropic hypogonadism associated with microcephaly, flat occiput, partial alopecia, absent or streak ovaries, and Müllerian hypoplasia are reported. Their parents are first cousins. Despite some clinical differences, their features were very close to a family described with such an association by Al-Awadi et al. [1985: Am J Med Genet 22:619-622] in Kuwait.

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Cushing's syndrome (CS) is rare in children. Information on bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) in children with CS is limited. In the procedure CRH is always used to stimulate ACTH values. In addition, growth failure is the main complication of pediatric CS, mainly due to a profound GH suppression that persists for a few months after cure of the disease. Early treatment with recombinant GH after CS cure may partly reverse this phenomenon. We report herein a case of Cushing's disease (CD) in a 7-yr-old child, presenting with severe growth failure. No pituitary adenoma was shown on magnetic resonance imaging and a BIPSS using desmopressin allowed the identification of a central to peripheral (C/P) gradient; however transphenoidal surgery (TSS) did not cure the disease thus requiring the performance of bilateral adrenalectomy. After cure of the disease, a partial catch up of the growth delay occurred without any GH treatment. Our case reinforces the fact that BIPSS can be performed safely in very young children with CD. It also suggests for the first time that the use of desmopressin during the procedure gives the same information as CRH, as well as confirming the fact that the success of TSS is poor in very young children. Finally, it suggests that growth failure in children with CS can be partially reversed after surgical cure of the disease without any GH treatment and that the high IGF-I observed during corticosteroid replacement therapy is due to a state of IGF-I resistance.