We report the results of a 15 GHz (2 cm) multi-epoch VLBA program, begun in 1994 to study the outflow in radio jets ejected from quasars and active galaxies. The observed flow of 208 distinct features measured in 110 quasars, active galaxies, and BL Lac objects shows highly collimated relativistic motion with apparent transverse velocities typically between zero and about 15c, with a tail extending up to about 34c. Within individual jets, different features appear to move with a similar characteristic velocity which may represent an underlying continuous jet flow, but we also see some stationary and even apparently inward moving features which co-exist with the main features. Comparison of our observations with published data at other wavelengths suggests that there is a systematic decrease in apparent velocity with increasing wavelength, probably because the observations at different wavelengths sample different parts of the jet structure.The observed distribution of linear velocities is not consistent with any simple ballistic model. Either there is a rather broad range of Lorentz factors, a significant difference between the velocity of the bulk relativistic flow and the pattern speed of underlying shocks, or a combination of these options. Assuming a ballistic flow, comparison of observed apparent velocities and Doppler factors computed from the time scale of flux density variations is consistent with a steep power law distribution of intrinsic Lorentz factors, an isotropic distribution of orientations of the parent population, and intrinsic brightness temperatures about an order of magnitude below the canonical inverse Compton limit. It appears that the parent population of radio jets is not dominated by highly relativistic flows, and contrary to the assumption of simple unified models, not all sources have intrinsic speeds close to c.Usually, the observed jet flow is in the general direction of an established jet. However, many jets show significant bends and twists, where the observed motions are non-radial, but are alingned with the local jet direction suggesting that the jet flow occurs along pre-existing bent channels. In a few cases we have observed a clear change in the direction of a feature as it flows along the jet. Radio jets which are also strong gamma-ray sources detected by EGRET appear to have significantly faster speeds than the non EGRET sources, consistent with the idea that gamma ray sources have larger Doppler factors than non gamma-ray sources. Sources at high redshift have systematically lower angular speeds than low redshift jets, consistent with standard cosmologies.

We have examined the compact structure in 250 flat-spectrum extragalactic radio sources using interferometric fringe visibilities obtained with the Very Long Baseline Array ( VLBA) at 15 GHz. With projected baselines out to 440 Mk, we are able to investigate source structure on typical angular scales as small as 0.05 mas. This scale is similar to the resolution of the VLBI Space Observatory Programme data obtained on longer baselines at a lower frequency and with somewhat poorer accuracy. For 171 sources in our sample, more than half of the total flux density seen by the VLBA remains unresolved on the longest baselines. There are 163 sources in our list with a median correlated flux density at 15 GHz in excess of 0.5 Jy on the longest baselines; these will be useful as fringe finders for shortwavelength VLBA observations. The total flux densities recovered in the VLBA images at 15 GHz are generally close to the values measured around the same epoch at the same frequency with the RATAN-600 and University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory telescopes.We have modeled the core of each source with an elliptical Gaussian component. For about 60% of the sources, we have at least one observation in which the core component appears unresolved (generally smaller than 0.05 mas) in one direction, usually transverse to the direction into which the jet extends. BL Lac objects are on average more compact than quasars, while active galaxies are on average less compact. Also, in an active galaxy the submilliarcsecond core component tends to be less dominant. Intraday variability (IDV) sources typically have a more compact, more core-dominated structure on sub-milliarcsecond scales than non-IDV sources, and sources with a greater amplitude of intraday variations tend to have a greater unresolved VLBA flux density. The objects known to be GeV gamma-ray-loud appear to have a more compact VLBA structure than the other sources in our sample. This suggests that the mechanisms for the production of gamma-ray emission and for the generation of compact radio synchrotron-emitting features are related. The brightness temperature estimates and lower limits for the cores in our sample typically range between 10 11 and 10 13 K, but they extend up to 5 ; 10 13 K, apparently in excess of the equipartition brightness temperature or the inverse Compton limit for stationary synchrotron sources. The largest component speeds are observed in radio sources with high observed brightness temperatures, as would be expected from relativistic beaming. Longer baselines, which can be obtained by space VLBI observations, will be needed to resolve the most compact high brightness temperature regions in these sources.

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We have used the VLBA at 15 GHz to image the structure of 132 strong compact AGN and quasars with a resolution better than one milliarcsecond and a dynamic range typically exceeding 1000 to 1. These observations were made as part of a program to investigate the sub-parsec structure of quasars and AGN and to study the changes in their structure with time. Many of the sources included in our study, particularly those located south of declination +35 degrees, have not been previously imaged with milliarcsecond resolution. Each of the sources has been observed at multiple epochs. In this paper we show images of each of the 132 sources which we have observed. For each source we present data at the epoch which had the best quality data. In a future paper we will discuss the kinematics derived from the observations at all epochs.Most of the sources we have observed show the canonical core-jet morphology with structure somewhat characteristic of the jets seen on arcsecond scales with the VLA and Westerbork. The milliarcsecond jets generally appear one-sided, but two-sided structure is often found in lower luminosity radio galaxies and in high luminosity quasars with gigahertz peaked spectra. In many cases there is significant curvature, sometimes up to 90 or more, particularly close to the core. In other cases the jets have a more gradual curvature. In some sources there are multiple bends or twists along the jet, suggestive of a three dimensional curved structure. Many of the jets may be described by a small number of apparently discrete components, but in other cases there appears to be a monotonically decreasing distribution of radio emission Usually the structure is unresolved along the direction perpendicular to the jet, but a few sources have broad plumes. Much of the visible parsec scale structure in compact radio sources can probably be explained as the projection of a relativistic beamed twisted jet, which appears bright at those positions where it approaches the viewer. In some low luminosity radio galaxies, the structure appears more symmetric at 2 cm than at longer wavelengths. The apparent long wavelength asymmetry in these sources is probably due to absorption by intervening ionized material.A few sources contain only a single component with any secondary feature at least a thousand times weaker. Peak rest frame brightness temperatures are typically of the order of 10 K with no [11][12] evidence for any excess over the limit of 10 K expected from inverse Compton cooling. We find no 12 obvious correlation of radio morphology and the detection of gamma-ray emission by EGRET.

Abstract. In classifying the ensemble of powerful extragalactic radio sources, considerable evidence has accumulated that radio galaxies and quasars are orientation-dependent manifestations of the same parent population: massive spheroidal galaxies containing correspondingly massive black holes. One of the key factors in establishing this unification has been the signature of a hidden quasar detected in some radio galaxies in polarized light. The obscuration of our direct view of the active nucleus usually, but not necessarily exclusively, by a thick nuclear disk or torus can act conveniently as a "natural coronograph" that allows a much clearer view of the host of a radio galaxy than of a quasar. In this study, we exploit the opportunity to eliminate the quasar glare by performing sensitive spectropolarimetry with the Keck II telescope of a sample of radio galaxies with redshifts around 2.5. This represents the epoch when quasars were many times more common that they are now and is likely to be the period during which their host galaxies were being assembled into what become the most massive galaxies in the Universe today. We show that dust-reflected quasar light generally dominates the restframe ultraviolet continuum of these sources and that a highly clumped scattering medium results in almost grey scattering of the active galactic nucleus photons. The observations, however, do not exclude a substantial star formation rate averaged over a Gyr of evolution. The sub-mm reradiation from the scattering dust is likely to represent only a small fraction (∼10%) of the total far infrared luminosity. An analysis of the emission lines excited in the interstellar medium of the host galaxy by the hard quasar radiation field reveals evidence of a dramatic chemical evolution within the spheroid during this epoch. Secondary nitrogen production in intermediate mass stars produces a characteristic signature in the Nv/Civ and Nv/Heii line ratios which has been seen previously in the broad line region of quasars at similar redshifts. We find intriguing correlations between the strengths of the Lyα and Nv emission lines and the degree of ultraviolet continuum polarization which may represent the dispersal of dust associated with the chemical enrichment of the spheroid.

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Relations between the observed quantities for a beamed radio jet, which are the apparent transverse speed and the apparent luminosity ( app , L), and the intrinsic quantities, which are the Lorentz factor and the intrinsic luminosity ( , L 0 ), are investigated. The inversion from measured to intrinsic values is not unique, but approximate limits to and L 0 can be found using probability arguments. Roughly half the sources in a flux density-limited, beamed sample have a value of close to the measured value of app . The methods are applied to observations of 119 AGN jets made with the VLBA at 15 GHz during 1994 -2002. The results strongly support the common relativistic beam model for an extragalactic radio jet. The ( app , L) data are closely bounded by a theoretical envelope, an ''aspect'' curve for ¼ 32 and L 0 ¼ 10 25 W Hz À1 . This gives limits to the maximum values of and L 0 in the sample: max % 32, and L 0;max $ 10 26 W Hz À1 . No sources with both high values of app and low values of L are observed. This is not the result of selection effects due to the observing limits, which are a flux density of S > 0:5 Jy and an angular velocity of < 4 mas yr À1 . Many of the fastest quasars have a pattern Lorentz factor, p , that is close to that of the beam, b , but some of the slow quasars must have p T b . Three of the 10 galaxies in the sample have a superluminal feature, with speeds up to app % 6. The others are at most mildly relativistic. The galaxies are not off-axis versions of the powerful quasars, but Cygnus A might be an exception.

Abstract. We discuss multiple Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) continuum and spectral line imaging observations and Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope spectroscopy of the compact variable nuclear radio jet source in the elliptical galaxy NGC 1052. Absorption and emission signatures reveal ionised, atomic, and molecular components of the surrounding medium. Ten epochs of Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) data at 15 GHz, spanning almost six years, show bi-symmetric jets, in which multiple sub-parsec scale features display outward motions of typically v app ∼ 0.26c (H 0 = 65 km s −1 Mpc −1 ) on each side. The jets are most likely oriented near the plane of the sky. Multi-frequency VLBA observations at seven frequencies between 43 and 1.4 GHz show free-free absorption in the inner parsec around the nucleus, probably together with synchrotron self-absorption. The free-free absorption is apparently due to a structure which is geometrically thick and oriented roughly orthogonal to the jets, but which is patchy. The western jet is covered more deeply and extensively, and hence is receding. H spectral line VLBI observations reveal atomic gas in front of the approaching as well as the receding jet. There appear to be three velocity systems. Broad, shallow absorption asymmetrically straddles the systemic velocity spanning −35 to 85 km s −1 . This gas could be local to the AGN environment, or distributed on galactic scales. Superimposed in the range 25 to 95 km s −1 are several sharper (3-15 km s −1 ) features, each detectable over a few tenths of a pc at various places along the inner 2 pc of the approaching jet. The third, deepest system is at "high velocities", which is receding by 125 to 200 km s −1 with respect to the systemic velocity of NGC 1052. It may have a continuous velocity gradient across the nucleus of some 10 km s −1 pc −1 . This atomic gas seems restricted to a shell 1-2 pc away from the core, within which it might be largely ionised. Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope spectroscopy has revealed the 18 cm OH main lines (1667 and 1665 MHz) in absorption along the full velocity span of −35 to 200 km s −1 , with their line ratio varying roughly from 1:1 to 2:1. They are deepest in the high velocity system, where the OH profiles are similar to H, suggesting co-location of that atomic and molecular gas, and leaving unclear the connection to the H 2 O masing gas seen elsewhere. In the high velocity system we have also detected the 18 cm OH satellite lines: 1612 MHz in absorption, and 1720 MHz in emission. The conjugate behaviour of the satellite line profiles, and the variable main line ratio resemble the situation in Cen A and NGC 253.Key words. galaxies: active -galaxies: jets -galaxies: nuclei -galaxies: individual: NGC 1052 -radio lines: galaxies IntroductionThe elliptical galaxy NGC 1052 is a low luminosity AGN which has a well-studied LINER optical spectrum (e.g., Gabel et al. 2000) and an unusually prominent central radio source, with a flux density of 1-2 Jy and a fairly flat spectrum between 1...