Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) abilities for visual inferential reasoning by exclusion were tested in two experiments. The first replicated the Grey parrot study of Mikolasch, Kotrschal, and Schloegl (2011, African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus) use inference by exclusion to find hidden food. Biology Letters, 7, 875-877), which in turn replicated that of Premack and Premck (1994, Levels of causal understanding in chimpanzees and children. Cognition, 50, 347-362) with apes, to learn if our subjects could succeed on this task. Here parrots watched an experimenter hide two equally desirable foods under two separate opaque cups, surreptitiously remove and then, in view of the birds, pocket/eat one of the foods, leaving birds to find the still baited cup. The experiment contained controls for various alternative explanations for the birds' behavior, but birds might still have avoided a cup from which something had been removed rather than specifically tracking the eaten food. Thus, in the second experiment, some trials were run with one food slightly more preferred than the other, during which two items of each type were hidden and only one of the items were removed from one cup. Sessions also included Experiment 1-type trials to see if birds tracked when and when not to use exclusion. Thus, birds would be rewarded for attending closely to all the experimental aspects needed to infer how to receive their preferred treat. Three of four birds succeeded fully.

Construction sitesThrough the 1990s, construction sites in Manhattan grew in number; this growth accelerated to a peak in the spring of 2000. But although these new construction sites had subcontractors, they had no cement; they had architects, but no steel; they had engineers and designers and builders who built for retail firms, financial services, museums, government, and cultural institutions, but no one ever set foot in their constructions. These architects were information architects, the engineers were software and systems engineers, the designers were interactive designers, and the builders were site buildersöall working in the Internet consulting firms that were the construction companies for the digital real estate boom that marked the turn of the millennium.From the spring of 1999 through the spring of 2001 we were fortunate to be able to observe one of these start-up firms and watch its website construction projects, not through a plexiglass peephole, but close-up as ethnographic researchers. What we found, in almost every aspect, was a project perpetually`under construction'. At the same time that the software engineers and interactive designers were constructing websites, they were also constructing the firm and the project form. And this relentless redesign of the organization was occurring simultaneously with the construction, emergence, consolidation, dissipation, and reconfiguration of the industry itself. What is new media?' This was the question we encountered numerous times scribbled on whiteboards in brainstorming sessions during or just prior to our meetings in various interactive companies. Or, as one of our informants posed the question,``People are always trying to come up with a metaphor for a website. Is it a magazine, a newspaper, a TV commercial, a community? Is it a store? You know, it's none of these ... and it's all of these and others, in many variations and combinations. So, there's endless debate.'' Of one thing you could be certain: if you were sure you knew the answer, then the pace of organizational innovation to make new business models, the pace of technological innovation to make new functionalities, and the pace of genre innovation to Abstract. In this paper we examine how web-design firms in the new-media industry probe and experiment with possible forms and sources of value that give shape to the new economy. Focusing on the collaborative engineering of cross-disciplinary web-design project teams, we examine how websites emerge as provisional settlements among heterogeneous disciplines as they negotiate working compromises across competing performance criteria.

This paper examines how web design firms in the new media industry probe and experiment with possible forms and sources of value giving shape to the new economy. Focusing on the collaborative engineering of cross-disciplinary webdesign project teams, we examine how websites emerge as provisional settlements among the heterogeneous disciplines as they negotiate working compromises across competing performance criteria.

This article develops a sociology of worth that blurs the traditional disciplinary divide between economic value and social values. Through ethnographic study of a new media startup in Manhattan's Silicon Alley, we examine how a new firm in an emerging industry negotiates an uncertain environment where metrics gauging performance remain illusive as the industry itself gropes toward a clearer definition of its content and contours. Faced with complex foresight horizons, new media firms must develop an organizational capacity for learning, innovation, and flexible adaptation to constantly changing requirements. We examine how the clash of evaluative criteria guiding the work of cross-disciplinary project teams becomes a source for innovation and a resource for learning when deliberation across evaluative principles is combined with an organizational and administrative structure that relies on lateral accountability.

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OBJECTIVES: aim of the study is to determine pharmacoepidemiological characteristics of treatment of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to improve pharmacotherapy schemes in healthcare of the Republic of Belarus. METHODS: the study was carried out by the method of continuous active retrospective monitoring using medical documentation of 16 patients from the district of Minsk with seven year's time horizon from 2009 to 2016. To determine the indications / contraindications to the use of drugs an analysis of the actual at the time of the research (2017) of the drug instructions published in the Register of Medicines of the Republic of Belarus was performed. Epidemiological and pharmacoepidemiological data were collected. ATC / DDD methodology was used with the calculation of the established daily dose of drugs for six months. RESULTS: the average age of patients at the onset of the disease was 64 years ± 7 years, the average age at the time of death was 66 ± 6 years, the average duration of the disease from the beginning to the death was 2 ± 1.1 years. The first group of disability was exposed to 56.2% of patients, in 43.8% of patients the second group was exposed. The next medications were used -thioctic acid-180,000 DDD / half a year; carbamazepine 72000DDD / half a year; choline alphoscerate-4032 DDD / half a year; neuromidine -360 DDD / half a year; vinpocetine-360 DDD / half a year; mildronate -240 DDD / half a year. CONCLUSIONS: establishing a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for the patient is guaranteed to lead to disability and death. Drugs with a lack of evidence of efficacy and symptomatic therapy of concomitant diseases and complications take the main place in the pharmacotherapy. Having accurate incidence, pharmacoepidemiology and consequences estimates would facilitate efficient allocation of healthcare resources.

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