a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, to all over the world. 1 As of April 20, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for 2 414 595 infections and 165 174 deaths worldwide, with Italy accounting for 178 972 cases and 23 660 deaths. 2 The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 ranges from an asymptomatic or mild flu-like illness to a severe pneumonia and systemic disease requiring critical care. Main symptoms are fever, dry or productive cough, and dyspnea. 3 Human strains of coronavirus have been demonstrated to invade the central nervous system through the olfactory neu-roepithelium and propagate from within the olfactory bulb. 4 Furthermore, nasal epithelial cells display the highest expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, in the respiratory tree. 5 Smell impairment was first observed among other neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients, 6 and subsequently has been reported to be a common symptom reported in patients with mild disease. 7,8 Recently, we reported the prevalence of altered smell or taste to be 64% among a case series of 202 mildly symptomatic home-isolated patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. 8 The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolu-IMPORTANCE An altered sense of smell and taste has been reported to be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To understand the evolution of these symptoms during the course of the disease is important to identify patients with persistent loss of smell or taste and estimate the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on the burden of olfactory and gustative dysfunctions.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the evolution of the loss of sense of smell and taste in a case series of mildly symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis cross-sectional survey-based study included 202 mildly symptomatic adults (Ն18 years) consecutively assessed at Treviso Regional Hospital, Italy, between March 19 and March 22, 2020, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal and throat swabs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESPrevalence of altered sense of smell and taste at follow-up and their variation from baseline. RESULTSOf 202 patients completing the survey at baseline, 187 (92.6%) also completed the follow-up survey (103 [55.1%] women; median age, 56 years). The evaluation of the evolution of altered sense of smell or taste in the 113 patients reporting sudden onset of these symptoms at baseline showed that 55 patients (48.7%; 95% CI, 39.2-58.3) reported complete resolution of smell or taste impairment, 46 (40.7%; 95% CI, 31.6-50.4) reported an improvement in the severity, and only 12 (10.6%; 95% CI, 5.6-17.8) reported the symptom was unchanged or worse. Persistent loss of smell or taste was not associated with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE At 4 wee...
The effectiveness of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to describe the fish communities of three gas platforms located offshore Crotone (Italy, Ionian Sea) was investigated by comparing its observations with underwater visual censuses (UVCs). The study was carried out at two depth layers (0-6 and 12-18 m). Moreover, the ROV was used to survey three deeper depth layers up to 76 m. Overall, the ROV surveys failed to give a truthful representation of the fish communities underestimating the number of species and their abundances as compared to UVCs. The main discrepancies in data regarded cryptobenthic and nekto-benthic species, whereas the ROV proved to be a suitable method to census low-mobile and abundant planktivorous species. The differences between the fish assemblage described by the ROV, with respect to the one depicted by UVC, should be considered in the light of the technical limits of the recording camera, whose resolution and field of vision is clearly lower than the diver's eye. In addition, video images did not allow for the acquisition of a correct estimate of the distance between the individuals and the platform structures. This led, almost certainly, to an under-or over-estimation of fish abundance as regards to the censused volume. In spite of this, as a result of its capacity to reach depths inaccessible to scuba divers and then to add complementary information, the ROV could be used jointly with UVCs, in studies having as their objective the description of the fish communities associated with offshore platforms.
Carmem Lúcia Rodrigues (Calu) e Mário Ferreira agradeço também pelas sugestões e correções. A todos que me acolheram com amizade e generosidade e a todos que de alguma forma contribuíram para a realização deste estudo. Aos funcionários do LCF, em especial a Catarina. Aos funcionários da Biblioteca da ESALQ, que me ajudaram a procurar livros esquecidos pelo desuso em prateleiras pouco visitadas. Às funcionárias da Biblioteca do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, onde passei a maior parte do tempo e por vezes atrasando seus horários de saída. Em ambas fui atendido com presteza e eficiência. À Comissão de pós-graduação da Universidade Estadual de Goiás por me permitir um afastamento remunerado por dois anos, o que tornou este estudo possível. Aos meus irmãos. Eles sabem o porquê. SUMÁRIO Página A modernização da agricultura e o surgimento da silvicultura em sua gênese no início do século XX, no Estado de São Paulo, são abordados e analisados nesta pesquisa.Nossa hipótese é a de que a elite agrária, incluindo Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, considerado um ícone da silvicultura no país, possuía um projeto de modernização da agricultura que se servia de modelos europeus e norte-americanos. Podemos dizer que a elite agrária se impõe ao país porque tinha uma proposta política consistente, bem fundamentada cientificamente, atualizada em relação a outros países e articulada com outros setores da sociedade, tais como os políticos e a mídia, principalmente. São apresentados fatos que mostram que a modernização da agricultura foi um processo mundial, que o Brasil nela se insere elegendo a Europa como modelo intelectual e os Estados Unidos como exemplo concreto a ser imitado em suas realizações, sendo a Sociedade Paulista de Agricultura (SPA) a principal incentivadora no Estado de São
The aim of this study was to assess the potential genotoxic effects of produced water (PW) from an Italian on-shore oil plant. Produced water is a complex mixture containing residual hydrocarbons, trace elements, naturally occurring radioactive material and potentially toxic treatment chemicals such as biocides, dispersants, detergents and scale inhibitors used in oil production. The test organism, mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), was divided into male and female groups and exposed for 8 days in the laboratory to 50% concentrations of different produced waters: PW before treatment and after settling treatment. The fish were also exposed to lower concentrations (10%) of the same PW for 30 days. DNA damage was evaluated in erythrocytes by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and micronucleus test, while an oxidative stress biomarker, was assessed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolites in bile were also evaluated. A higher sensitivity in biomarker responses was found in females in comparison to males. An increase in DNA strand breaks was observed in both genders after 30 days exposure and a statistically significant increase of micronucleated cells was found in females after 8 days exposure. A positive correlation between presence of micronucleated cells and PAH metabolites in bile was also observed.
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