Aims: Paddy straw is known to have lignocellulosic materials such as cellulose and hemicellulose which can be readily converted into fermentable sugar for production of bioethanol via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In order to produce ethanol competently, the degradation of biomass by cellulase and highly ethanol-producing microorganism in fermentation process are necessarily needed. However, there is lacking in cellulose degrading organism in producing adequate amount of lignocellulosic enzyme. Therefore, the screening and selection for the best fungi to hydrolyze the lignocellulosic materials as well as forming consortium between two species of fungi has become the main focus. Methodology and results: Thirteen strains of fast-growing fungi were tested qualitatively for cellulase (congo red staining) and polyphenol oxidase (Bavendamm test). All tested strains displayed lignocellulolytic fungi characteristics. The selection was narrowed down by quantitative assay on endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase and xylanase and the highest cellulases enzyme producer were Trichoderma asperellum B1581 (3.
This review aims to quantify the impact of calcium chloride in cementation solutions on Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP). Specific soil strength properties, such as the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, permeability (k) and calcium carbonate content of the soil, form the basis of quantifying the test results. Relevant articles from various online databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global (PQDT), Mendeley and Google Scholar are obtained with search strings of suitable keywords. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used to screen and select related articles based on exclusion and inclusion characteristics. This review shows a positive correlation between calcium concentrations and soil strength properties, where higher concentrations of calcium solutions induce stronger bonding between soil particles due to better calcite precipitation. However, we also note a reversed correlation when the concentration of calcium solutions is higher than 1 M. This review also verifies that the MICP process enhances soil strength using optimum calcium chloride concentration to avoid soil brittleness. This result benefits other fields, such as agricultural and soil engineering.
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) in bioethanol production involves the combination of four essential biological procedures in a single bioreactor, using a mixture of organisms with favourable cellulolytic ability without the addition of exogenous enzymes. However, the main disadvantage of this process is the complexity to optimise all factors considering both enzymes and microbial activity at the same time. Hence, this study aimed to optimise suitable culture conditions for both organisms to work efficiently. Six single factors that are considered crucial for bioethanol production were tested in one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) analysis and analysed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) software for Aspergillus niger B2484 and Trichoderma asperellum B1581 strains. The formulation of a new consortia setting was developed based on the average of two settings generated from RSM testing several combinations of consortia concentrations (5:1, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, and 1:5). The combination of 5:1 Aspergillus niger B2484 and Trichoderma asperellum B1581 produced the most ethanol with 1.03 g/L, more than A. niger B2484, alone with 0.34 g/L of ethanol, indicating the potential of the combination of A. niger B2484 and T. asperellum B1581 co-culture for bioethanol production in CBP.
Aims:The utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production reduces the dependency on fossil fuels as a source of energy and emission of greenhouse gas (GHG). However, studies in this emerging field are hampered by the cost of ethanol quantification methods. Due to the volatile nature of ethanol, the method for the quantification of bioethanol production should be reproducible and rapid to avoid any evaporation loss to the surroundings. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a simple, rapid and precise bioethanol quantification method using a gas chromatographyflame ionisation detector (GC-FID) without having to go through distillation process for ethanol purification. Methodology and results:The bioethanol was produced via consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) using Trichoderma asperellum B1581 and paddy straw. The peak corresponding to ethanol was obtained at 2.347 min with a peak area of 189.66, equating to 0.159% (v/v) or 1.25 g/L ethanol. A comparison between the quantity of ethanol detected by GC-FID and spectrophotometric analysis (340 nm) showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the amount of ethanol detected by GC analysis, thus validating the accuracy of the GC method. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This work presents a simple, precise and reliable method to determine the amount of bioethanol in the sample using a GC-FID. Currently, there are many GC-FID methods available for the determination of ethanol/alcohol in a human blood samples or in beverages but not in bioethanol samples. Thus, this method was developed to facilitate the determination of bioethanol in the samples produced from lignocellulosic materials.
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