A biometric authentication system provides an automatic person authentication based on some characteristic features possessed by the individual. Among all other biometrics, human retina is a secure and reliable source of person recognition as it is unique, universal, lies at the rare end of the eye and hence it is unforgeable. The process of authentication mainly includes pre-processing, feature extraction and then features matching and classification. Also authentication systems are mainly appointed in verification and identification mode according to the specific application. In this paper, pre-processing and image enhancement stages involve several steps to highlight interesting features in retinal images. The feature extraction stage is accomplished using a bank of Gabor filter with number of orientations and scales. Generalized Discriminant Analysis (GDA) technique has been used to reduce the size of feature vectors and enhance the performance of proposed algorithm. Finally, classification is accomplished using k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier to determine the identity of the genuine user or reject the forged one as the proposed operate in identification mode.
<p>Nowadays, emerging wireless networks scenarios such as the proposed systems for 5G is discussed widely with diverse requirements. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a conservative proposal which is used to build 5G WOFDM system (Wavelet OFDM system). The simulation of the system is initialized with BPSK then with QAM and 64-QAM the system is improved by increasing the number of levels of Discrete Wavelet Transform to five levels and finally compared with original system to prove that the it is convenient for 5G Wireless networks.</p>
Wavelet transform has many advantages that make it suitable and efficient approach to replace Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in conventional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Wavelet transform is employed in modern cellular networks to remove the use of cyclic prefix, which leads to decreasing the bandwidth losses and the power of transmission. Wavelet based OFDM system is designed in order to overcome the drawbacks of OFDM system so that the proposed system is good candidate for next generation wireless communications.
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