In this study, which involved on average only two serum concentrations of caffeine per patient, the use of NONMEM gave us significant and consistent information about the pharmacokinetic profile of caffeine when compared with available bibliographic information. Additionally, parenteral nutrition and low gestational age (< or = 28 weeks) may even come to be considered as risk factors, and their presence may serve as an indicator of the need for periodic monitoring of caffeine concentrations in premature infants.
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