Sixteen soil profiles representing the soils of the area at the western beach of Suez Canal according to the different in sediments and land use period such as alluvial-windborn, and Recent Aeolian sand deposits. Soil classification reveals that soil ranged between Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Torriorthents and Typic Torripsamments.From the physical and chemical characteristics of the soils, the clay distribution is significantly different between high and low parts while there is no significant difference in sand fraction distribution. OM distribution affected by topography, land use and cover vegetation. There is no significant difference in CaCO3 distribution. CEC values differented from parts to another refered to the clay content. Bulk density values differented according to the difference in texture. Stability aggregate values varied from high parts and low parts refered to difference in topography, parent material, period of landuse and clay content. From the study the pervious condition caused increase of the negative effect of wind erosion as well as of environmental protection capacity (EPCG).Environmental Protection Capacity (EPCG) as a factor to study the wind erosion shows that there is highly significant correlations between EPCG factor and sand, silt, clay OM, CaCO3, CEC, exchangeable (Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Na + and Na + ), stability aggregate and bulk density, while no significant correlation with pH, EC and C/N ratio in soils.Path analyses show that soil properties such as OM, bulk density, clay, dispersion ratio, stability aggregate and CaCO3 have direct effect on the EPCG.
One of the factors critical to seed germination and plant development is good tilth. This study was conducted to calculate the tilth index (T1) under different tillage practices and two crops, wheat and faba bean in order to determine the optimum tilth index value for maximum yield of wheat and faba bean crops. Tillage practices applied were traditional tillage by different chisel ploughing passes {two (P2), four (P4), six (P6) and eight passes (P8)} and moldboard plough (Pm). Tilth index was calculated following the model suggested by . Five soil physical properties, soil bulk density, cone index, aggregate uniformity coefficient organic matter content, and plasticity index were determined for each tillage system to quantify (T1) according to the model. The calculated values of the tilth index were varied with tillage practices. The tilth index increased as ploughing passes increased. Tilth index increased from 0.52 to 0.67 under (P2) and (P8), respectively. However, the highest value was obtained with the moldboard plough (0.71).Yield of wheat and Faba bean also varied according to the tillage practices and to the (TI) values. The highest yield of wheat was obtained with (Pm) treatment which corresponds to (TI) value of 0.71, while Faba bean yield increased with (P6) treatment which corresponds to (TI) value of 0.59.It is concluded that the tilth index can be used to describe the physical conditions of the soil and as an indicator for the most effective tillage practices that achieve the maximum yield for a certain crop.
this region suffers from the problems of increasing salinity in soil and irrigation water, in addition to the high level of ground water. Therefore, the cultivation on wide ridges (raised-bed soil) was used for good soil leaching by storing large quantities of irrigation water in these wide ridges and easy drainage it from both sides of the ridges to the adjacent furrows. The wide ridges are considered one of the methods of remedy the rise in ground water level by raising the agricultural soil to a higher level, which helps to move the roots of plants away from the ground water level and to drain the irrigation water through the ridges sides to the adjacent furrows, which does not cause an increase in the ground water level. Also, conservation tillage (no-tillage) reducing the effect of salinity. So that a prototype of combined machine was manufactured which consisted of two units, the first unit to build ridges with the possibility to change the both of width and height of ridges. The second unit to sow wheat seeds on the ridges. The research treatments consisted of two tillage systems (traditional tillage system (TT) and conservation tillage system (CT) i.e., no-tillage), three ridge widths (50cm, 70cm and 90cm) and four ridge heights (0cm, 20cm, 35cm and 50 cm) where, the treatment of (0cm) was indicated to control treatment (flat soil). Also, the effect of three agriculture seasons was studied. Some parameters were measured or estimated as the following; actual field capacity (AFC), field efficiency (FE)), energy requirements (ER), pulling force (PF), fuel consumption rate (FCR), bulk density (BD), average infiltration rate (AIR), soil salinity (SS), water stored in the effective root zone (WS), water consumptive use in root zone (WC), water application efficiency (WA), wheat grain yield (WGY), water productivity (WP) and specific cost of production (SC). When using (CT) system and the largest cross section area of the ridges (90cm width x 50cm height) with continued application of this system for three consecutive seasons achieved the highest values of: (AFC=0.39 ha/h), (FE=93%), (WS=5773 m 3 /ha), (WC=4834 m 3 /ha), (WA=89%), (WGY=8.7 Mg/ha) and (WP=1.8 Mg/m 3 ), in addition this treatment achieved the lowest values for both (SS=6.17 ds/m) and (SC=216 L.E/Mg) compared to the other treatments.
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