Sixteen species (44 samples) of marine polychaetes and 10 species (14 samples) of bryozoans from eastern Australia were analyzed by GC/MS for the key seafood flavor components 2- and 4-bromophenol, 2, 4- and 2,6-dibromophenol, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. All five bromophenols were found in 91% of polychaetes and 64% of bryozoans. The remaining samples all contained at least three bromophenols. 2,4, 6-Tribromophenol was found in all polychaetes and bryozoans and, with few exceptions, was present in the highest concentrations. The total bromophenol content determined on a wet-weight basis varied widely between species: for polychaetes, from 58 ng/g for Australonuphis teres to 8.3 million ng/g for Barantolla lepte, and for bryozoans, from 36 ng/g for Cladostephus spongiosus to 1668 ng/g for Amathia wilsoni. Species of polychaetes with the highest concentrations of bromophenols were all collected from muddy environments. The possible effects that dietary polychaetes and bryozoans have on the ocean-, brine-, or iodine-like flavors of certain seafoods are discussed.
Why do people believe implausible claims like conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and fake news? Past studies using the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) suggest that implausible beliefs may result from an unwillingness to effortfully process information (i.e., cognitive miserliness). Our analysis (N = 664) tests this account by comparing CRT performance (total score, number and proportion of incorrect intuitive responses, and completion time) for endorsers and non-endorsers of implausible claims. Our results show that endorsers performed worse than non-endorsers on the CRT, but they took significantly longer to answer the questions and did not make proportionally more intuitive mistakes. Endorsers therefore appear to process information effortfully but nonetheless score lower on the CRT. Poorer overall CRT performance may not necessarily indicate that those who endorse implausible beliefs have a more reflexive, intuitive, or non-analytical cognitive style than non-endorsers.
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