Interactions between sleep and skin diseases are considered clinically relevant. Quality of sleep can positively or negatively influence the course of skin diseases. However, the impact of the interaction between dermatological diseases and sleep disturbance, especially with regard to chronicity, remains to be elucidated. The aim of this pilot study was to identify possible interactions between sleep disturbance and skin diseases, which may be an underestimated aetiopathological aspect. This study examined the relationship between insomnia and the frequent itching skin diseases, atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria. Patients with chronic inflammatory dermatological diseases with pruritus were evaluated for insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index; ISI) and impairment in dermatological quality of life (Dermatology Life Quality Index; DLQI). Disease activity was measured using validated scores. A total of 61 patients participated in the study. Patients with atopic dermatitis had a mean ISI score of 8.7 before flares and 16 when a flare occurred. The mean DLQI score in atopic dermatitis was 11.4. The mean ISI score in patients with chronic urticaria was 6.8 before flares and 14.9 when a flare occurred. In patients with chronic urticaria the mean DLQI score was 8.5. An increase in insomnia during a disease flare was demonstrated in both groups. Thus, sleep is a factor to consider during treatment of itching skin diseases. The results of this pilot study indicate that pruritus may not be the only reason for insomnia in patients with atopic dermatitis or chronic urticaria.

We demonstrate the amplification of a femtosecond signal pulse in an underdense plasma by a novel mechanism called superradiant amplification. The pulse is amplified by a counterpropagating few picosecond long pump pulse. In the superradiant regime, the ponderomotive forces exceed the electrostatic forces and arrange the plasma electrons to reflect the pump light into the signal pulse. We found a significant amplification in energy and intensity. The time structure of the amplified signal pulse carries intrinsic features of the superradiant regime. Sub-10-fs pulses of petawatt power appear feasible.

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The rapidly increasing interest in fitness related sports over the past few years has been accompanied by a booming industry of nutritional supplements. Many of these substances have unproven benefits and are even potentially harmful to the user. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for nutritional supplement (NS) use among fitness studio visitors in Mainz (Germany), emphasizing new multi-ingredient based supplements such as pre workout boosters (PWBs). Some of the PWBs contain stimulants such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE and DMBA with so far unknown risks, harms and benefits. Four-Hundred and Ninety Two participants in 13 fitness studios completed a questionnaire on the use of nutritional supplements. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to examine differences in supplement use regarding training- and intake-reasons. About 57.0% of the participants reported the use of NS during the last 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of creatine use was 28.7%, whereas 12.2% of the participants stated creatine use during the past 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of PWB intake was 25.8%, whereas the last month prevalence was 11.8%. Among the group of PWB users, 20.5% stated to search specifically for substances such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE or DMBA. Logistic regression analysis showed positive relations between creatine use and the predictor variables gender, strength training and bodybuilding, as well as the stated exercisers' training reasons to increase physical- and sports-performance, and quality of life. PWB consumption was related to the variables gender, training frequency, and the reason for sports performance enhancement. Specific ingredient focus was related to the predictor variables competition participation and increase of mental performance. The results of the study show a high prevalence of PWB consumption among fitness studios visitors, which is comparable with creatine use. The predicting variables for consumption seem to be slightly different between the supplements, especially if the users are searching for stimulating agents. The current findings help to create preliminary consumption patterns and can help to identify potential endangered fitness studio visitors for prevention and risk communication, especially for PWBs.