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The hydrogen clearance method for measuring local tissue blood flow was adapted for use in the brain of the unanesthetized rat by means of a stainless steel plate screw mounted in the skull as the reference electrode instead of a calomel electrode. Blood flow was measured at 3 sites in the brains of 5 three-month-old rats over a 6-week period. Blood flow in the frontal cortex and the cerebellum for all the animals averaged 79 ± 22 (SD) and 81 ± 25 ml/min/100 g tissue, respectively. The other site, supposedly the hippocampus, exhibited a two-component clearance curve in most cases. The initial rapid component was of questionable validity; the second slow component averaged 110 ± 23 ml/min/100 g. Autopsy revealed that the hippocampal electrode was actually positioned in more than one type of tissue or proximal to an interspace. Hypoxia (Po 2 = 50 mm Hg) and hypercapnia (produced by inhalation of 10% CO 2 ) increased the clearance rates two- to four-fold. The rate of local blood flow and its variability were affected by the state of the animal; anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital) decreased the rate of blood flow as anticipated, and markedly reduced the variation in rate seen in the conscious state.

Elder abuse is the newest form of intrafamilial violence to garner the attention of the public, policy makers, health officials, researchers, and the criminal justice system. Despite evidence that elder abuse is a growing problem, there is little known about the phenomenon because of persistent limitations in the extant empirical work. The present study examined a large cross-national sample of reported incidents (n = 87,422) collected as part of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 2000-2005. Addressing limitations in prior works, this research employed a criminal justice oriented definition of elder abuse examining victim, offender, and incident characteristics using chi-square tests and logistic regression to establish baseline findings from a more comprehensive sample of data than previously existed. Results render a baseline profile of victims and abusers and suggest that gender differences prevail throughout elder abuse. This work both corroborates and contrasts past findings of elder abuse research, providing new insights and much needed baseline data.

Hypertension is highly prevalent affecting nearly one third of the US adult population. Though generally approached as an outpatient disorder, elevated blood pressure is observed in a majority of hospitalized patients. The spectrum of hypertensive disease ranges from patients with hypertensive emergency including markedly elevated blood pressure and associated end-organ damage to asymptomatic patients with minimally elevated pressures of unclear significance. It is important to note that current evidence-based hypertension guidelines do not specifically address inpatient hypertension. This narrative review focuses primarily on best practices for diagnosing and managing nonemergent hypertension in the inpatient setting. We describe examples of common hypertensive syndromes, provide suggestions for optimal post-acute management, and point to evidence-based or consensus guidelines where available. In addition, we describe a practical approach to managing asymptomatic elevated blood pressure observed in the inpatient setting. Finally, arranging effective care transitions to ensure optimal ongoing hypertension management is appropriate in all cases.

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