Given declines in MR provision, more attention needs to be paid to building capacity, including hiring and training more providers of MR. Harm-reduction approaches should be pursued to increase the safety of clandestine use of misoprostol in Bangladesh.

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Photoluminescence (PL) and photostability measurements have been made on thin films containing the 2nd order nonlinear optic chromophore, PYR-3, and amorphous polycarbonate (APC). We find that the PYR-3 singlet excited state PL lifetime systematically decreases with increasing PYR-3 concentration, which may be due to PYR-3 excited state energy transfer to non-radiative decay sites. There is no correlation between the PL lifetime and the photostability for low optical intensities, and we find that the photobleaching data cannot be modeled with a single photodegradation quantum efficiency. There is an increase in the photostability with increasing optical intensity, and this enhancement is larger for high PYR-3 concentrations. It can be explained by a reduction in the oxygen content by oxygen-mediated photodegradation for the 5% PYR-3/APC films. This also partly explains the enhancement in the 15% PYR-3/APC films, but there is an additional mechanism as well. The photostability can also be improved by adding beta-carotene, which leads to an enhancement factor of greater than 6.

The planar component of 2-{3-cyano-4-[3-(1-decyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4-ylidene)prop-1-enyl]-5,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ylidene}malononitrile, C(32)H(46)N(4)O, (I), forms into layers parallel to the (\overline{1}01) plane. The larger of the two spaces between layers is filled by the alkyl chains, giving a ;sandwich stack' appearance. The packing of 2-{3-cyano-4-[5-(1-decyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4-ylidene)penta-1,3-dienyl]-5,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ylidene}malononitrile, C(34)H(38)N(4)O, (II), which has partial disorder in the 1-decyl group, utilizes weak C-H...N, C-H...O and C-N...pi interactions in a three-dimensional ;herring-bone' array with molecular segments parallel to the (111) and (\overline{1}1\overline{1}) planes. Different rotational isomers with respect to the polyene chain and the 5,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ylidene link are observed in the two structures. The significance of the study lies in the delocalization of charge along the polyene chain and the supramolecular aggregation present, which highlight the difficulty in obtaining the noncentrosymmetric alignment required for high nonlinear optical (NLO) responses in zwitterionic chromophores.

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