Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) has offered unprecedented utilize for bridge management body to monitor structural health. None of these evaluation methods can provide all the damage information (damage category, quantitative assessment) alone which is required for necessary repair activity and condition rating of structure. In most of the cases, the response of one evaluation method implies the presence of a defect among the multiple defects to which the evaluation method is sensitive. This paper is concerned with the combination of different non-destructive testing to find out the type of damage with the most efficient way. The different response (positive or negative) obtained from each combination and how it confirms the defect is shown through the mathematical set operation. Thus, this study would assist field investigator to ascertain the type of defect which subsequently aids to rate structure based on damage type
The measurement and study of the stress-strain-strength behavior of soils in general stress states involving principal stress rotation are necessary and valuable. To investigate the strength behavior under principal stress rotation, a series of undrained tests on compacted hollow cylinder specimens of completely decomposed granite (CDG) was carried in hollow cylinder apparatus. Tests were conducted using constant inside and outside pressures and maintained a fixed angle of rotation of principal stress with the vertical (α). Seven different angles of major principal stress orientations were used to cover the entire range of major principal stress directions from vertical to the horizontal. Two different confining stresses were used to find out the variations of the experimental results. It is observed that the deviator stresses as well as excess pore pressures decrease with the angle α. It is also observed that specimens were getting softer with the increase of α. The results also show a significant influence of principal stress direction angle on the strength parameters. It is found that the angle α is related to the occurrence of cross-anisotropy and the localization which resulted in a pronounced influence on the strength parameters of the CDG specimens
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.