Microwaves are a highly utilized electromagnetic wave, used across a range of industries including food processing, communications, in the development of novel medical treatments and biosensor diagnostics. Microwaves have known thermal interactions and theorized non-thermal interactions with living matter; however, there is significant debate as to the mechanisms of action behind these interactions and the potential benefits and limitations of their use. This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding the implementation of microwave technologies within the medical industry.
a b s t r a c tWe report the development of a laser-based process for the direct writing ('microsculpting') of unique security markings (reflective phase holograms) on the surface of metals. In contrast to the common approaches used for unique marking of the metal products and components, e.g., polymer holographic stickers which are attached to metals as an adhesive tape, our process enables the generation of the security markings directly onto the metal surface and thus overcomes the problems with tampering and biocompatibility which are typical drawbacks of holographic stickers. The process uses 35 ns laser pulses of wavelength 355 nm to generate optically-smooth deformations on the metal surface using a localised laser melting process. Security markings (holographic structures) on 304-grade stainless steel surface are fabricated, and their resulted optical performance is tested using a He-Ne laser beam of 632.8 nm wavelength.
ABSTRACTmThis paper presents the results of an investigation evaluating the forces present in a statically loaded bicycle chain prior to and beyond sprocket engagement. Comparisons are made with previous investigations that have been limited to industrial chains and sprockets. The chain drive system for a bicycle differs from the industrial standard types not only in its size but in its operation. A high degree of lateral flexibility is required in the bicycle chain for it to operate with noncoplanar sprockets having an effective misalignment of 3 deg or more. The experimental analysis in this paper considers chain loads for a range of sprocket sizes and angles of misalignment. Results indicate that localized bending arising from misalignment between chain and sprocket can increase or decrease the strain on the side plates by a substantial fraction of the direct strain due to chain tension. The work presented here is part of a more general study of bicycle chain efficiency for competition applications.KEY WORDS--Bicycle chain, bicycle sprocket, strain gage, mechanicsIn conjunction with Hans Renold's bush roller chain patented in 1880, the English bicycle manufacturer Starley became the first to produce what would become known as the "safety bicycle." The advantages of using the chain as a drive system quick!y became apparent, and the fundamental engineering details of the chain have remained essentially unchanged to this day. Two further inventions allowed the chain to become even more useful for the bicyclist. The first of these, a bushingless chain, permitted lateral flexibility, allowing the chain to run on a series of parallel sprockets of different sizes. The second was the derailleur gear mechanism, which shifts the chain between these sprockets. As part of a program of experiments investigating the efficiency of the bicycle chain, it was decided to analyze the forces experienced by a link as it approaches and then engages a driving sprocket in an effort to locate where some of the efficiency losses occur.The wide range of applications for industrial chains has yielded a substantial literature over the past 20 years or so, the major proportion of which relates more to chain application and durability than fundamental analysis of forces and transmission efficiency. Industrial chains tend to operate under more favorable conditions than their bicycle counterparts (e.g., coplanar sprockets, enclosed lubrication and steadystate running), thereby resulting in higher transmission efficiencies; hence, the need for such detailed analysis has not been great. However, another factor in this bias is the undoubted complexity in analyzing the basic mechanics of operation of a modern chain drive system.The distribution of chain load from tight to slack side depends fundamentally on the size of the sprocket, the amount of chain wrapped around it, the tooth pressure angle and the materials used. Much of the founding work on chain and sprocket mechanics was developed by Binder 1 in 1956. This classical work analyzes the dist...
No abstract
AGL acquired the Silver Springs reserves and operations from Mosaic Oil in 2010, including several depleted yet condensate-rich gas fields. Gas was sent from Silver Springs to the Wallumbilla LPG plant (acquired by AGL in 2011) to be refined into sales gas, LPG and condensate. AGL’s objective was to build a commercial underground gas storage facility by converting the Silver Springs gas field into an underground storage reservoir. The business intent was to run the reservoir in alternating injection and withdrawal mode to take advantage of supply and demand economics. Setting up for injection and withdrawal required the commissioning of 10 petroleum producing wells, bi-directional high-pressure flowlines and associated infrastructure. A high-pressure injection compressor was commissioned. Injection of dry sales gas into wells commenced in 2011. Withdrawal at a higher rate than original was facilitated by new separation and dehydration equipment. The Wallumbilla plant was refitted extensively, including flare and venting upgrades and recertification of the pipeline and every pressure vessel on-site. Withdrawal mode operations commenced in October 2015. The LPG plant operability was demonstrated; however, running at design rate was compromised by excessive chilling in the cryogenic section of the Wallumbilla plant, caused by lower than expected LPG quantities in the withdrawn gas. Process engineering work resulted in design of a regenerative heater to warm the sub-cooled gas. The presentation covers the extent of the improvement work and the process investigations, which have formed the basis to ensure future versatile operation.
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