It is widely accepted that the symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a key role in sustainable production systems in rice cultivation and they readily form a symbiotic relationship with these fungi. Four species consortium of AMF, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Clariodeoglomus etunicatum and Glomus aggregatum, produced through in vitro production system and formulated with organic biostimulants viz. humic acids and sea weed extract were tested in this experiment, both for direct seeded and transplanted paddy, under anaerobic cultivation system. AMF inoculated fields produced significantly higher yield than non-inoculated field. AMF inoculants formulated with a blend of humic acids and seaweed extract produced significantly higher grain yield than the inoculants formulated with humic acids alone, in both the cultivation systems. Effect of AMF inoculation was highly pronounced in transplanted paddy than direct seeded paddy, resulted in highest grain yield, highest grain weight, better grain filling rate and highest tiller production. It can be concluded that AMF inoculants can be potentially used for rice cultivation under anaerobic water management system, both for direct seeded and transplanted paddy and the nature of biostimulants used in the formulation also play a key role in the efficacy of AMF inoculants. Our findings contribute to the growing global consensus that mycorrhizal inoculants could play a role in sustainable rice production systems of the future, when used appropriately.
Use of Gibberellic acid (GA3) application in rice cultivation for increasing the grain yield is well documented. However, improper and untimely use of GA3 could result in poor response to GA3 application. This study was aimed at to investigate the timing of application during different growth stages and mode of application of GA3 on the growth and yield of MR219, a popular Indica rice variety, released by Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI). Two commercial GA3 formulations, namely ProGibb SG containing 40% GA3 and ProGibb silica Granule containing 0.1% GA3 were used for foliar and soil application, respectively. GA3 was applied at late tillering stage and at 10-30% panicle heading stage. Interestingly, GA3 application as foliar spray during the early reproductive stage, ie at 10-30% panicle heading stage enhanced the grain yield significantly, recording over 27% grain yield increase over the untreated control. Moreover, two applications of GA3 at 7 days’ interval has consistently given higher grain yield than single application. However, there is no significant difference in flag leaf characteristics, one thousand grain weight and milling qualities among different treatments. Our study has clearly illustrated that foliar application of GA3 at weekly interval at 10-30% panicle heading stage, can increase rice grain yield significantly.
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