Radiation therapy (RT) is a cornerstone of treatment in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), yet treatment failure and disease recurrence are common. The p38/MK2 pathway is activated in response to cellular stressors, including radiation, and promotes tumor inflammation in a variety of cancers. We investigated MK2 pathway activation in Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Conclusion: Based on the findings on CCL21, it is anticipated that the rational combination with immune checkpoint blockade therapy will improve the antitumor benefit of this chemokine in a broad range of solid tumors with low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte frequency (TIL). Future studies could assess the combined efficacy of CCL21-based regimens with immune checkpoint blockade therapy in various solid tumors as immune activation by CCL21 leads to upregulation of PD-1 on activated T cells. CCL21-based therapeutic vaccination approaches will prove beneficial for tumors that are not accessible for intratumoral administration of CCL21. Furthermore, material and nanoparticle engineering provides several attractive strategies to design more potent CCL21 immunotherapy.

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