Fallot et al1 report fewer hospitalizations among breast-fed infants. Since breast-feeding has been correlated with socioeconomic status,2 we believe caution should be exercised in interpreting this finding. Previously documented factors may be involved, eg, parental cigarette smoking,3 crowding,4 bottle propping,5 or numerous other variables as suggested in Sauls' thorough analysis.6 Close examination of Fallot's Table 1 fails to support the implication that breast-feeding had any beneficial effects among the "clinic" patients. Application of the X2 test to this group of patients shows no significant effect to be associated with breast-feeding (P > .5).
In mid-nineteenth century Paris, when an art education was out of reach for most women artists, several male painters began opening private schools specifically catering to women. In Catholic Spain, opportunities were more restricted; therefore, leaving the country and attending these French ateliers were key to women's training as no government-sponsored academies accepted women at the time. By means of archival and historical research, this analysis applies theories of Judith Butler to explore the careers of two Spanish women painters: Alejandrina Gessler y Lacroix and Antonia Bañuelos Thorndike (1856Thorndike ( -1921 as they studied under academic painter, Charles Chaplin (1825-1891). Operating outside gendered norms and traveling outside of Spain changed the direction of Spanish women's art production and exhibition practices allowing them to subvert the conservative limitations in their home country and develop professional careers both within and outside of Spain.
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