A fully integrated Global Positioning System (GPS) radio is presented. Low-IF architecture was used for a high level of integration and low power consumption. An on-chip analog imagereject filter provides 18 dB of image-noise rejection to prevent noise figure (NF) degradation. With image rejection performed in the analog radio, a single-path (nonquadrature) output was used. The integrated synthesizer only requires an off-chip phase-locked loopfilter to function. Implemented in a 0.35-m 2P4M CMOS process, the integrated radio has a chip area of 9.5 mm 2. The radio operates over a wide range of voltage and temperature, from 2.2 to 3.6 V and from 40 C to +85 C and consumes 27 mW from a 2.2-V supply. The receiver has 4 dB NF.
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