Experimental results are presented for velocity and temperature profiles and for the turbulence quantities vz′ t′ and vzt, for up-flow of air in a vertical pipe with constant heat flux at Reynolds numbers of 5000 to 14,000. The measurements show that, with increasing heat flux, superimposed free convection effects cause marked distortion of the flow structure at low Reynolds numbers, with the velocity maximum moving from the tube center to a position near the wall. The axial turbulence intensity, vz′, is depressed by increasing heat flux while the temperature intensity, t′, first decreases and then rises, with a shift in the position of the peak intensity away from the wall. On the basis of an analysis developed for heated turbulent flow, the turbulent shear stress and heat flux distributions are calculated from the experimental results. As the flow field becomes appreciably distorted on heating, it is found that the turbulent shear stress becomes very small, while the heat flux distribution suggests an increase in the width of the viscous sublayer.

SUMMARY Estimates of intracellular ethanol concentration in batch culturesof Saooharomyoes cerevisiae were significantly affected by continued fermentation during processing of the sample. Precooling of samples to 4°C and reduction of centrifugation time significantly reduced apparent intracellular ethanol concentration.Intracellular ethanol concentrations were substantially lower than in some previous reports and fell below the extracellular ethanol concentrations during the later stages of fermentation. I NTRODUCTI ONA number of recent reports suggest that the concentration of ethanol within fermenting yeast cells may be many times higher than the extracellular ethanol concentration

Anthrax is extremely rare in the western world but is endemic to areas of south and central Asia. In early 2010 an outbreak was identified in heroin-injecting intravenous drug users in the United Kingdom and Europe. Afghanistan is currently the principal source of heroin which reaches the United Kingdom. When anthrax occurs, cutaneous disease accounts for over 95% of cases. At least 47 cases with 13 deaths have been confirmed so far. We present three cases presenting during this time with marked swelling, one resulting in compartment syndrome but all with an absence of the expected cutaneous appearances. We suggest that rather than cutaneous anthrax, these patients represent a new subcutaneous presentation of anthrax.

An intraoperative fire can be costly for both the patient and the surgeon. Ophthalmic surgeons operate in an oxygen rich and therefore flammable environment. Proactive measures can be undertaken to reduce the incidence of surgical fires periocular surgery; however, a fire can occur at any time and the entire operating room team must be constantly vigilant to prevent and manage operating room fires.

Currently, there has been limited use of genetic engineering for waste treatment. In this work, we are developing a procedure for the in situ treatment of toxic organophosphate wastes using the enzyme parathion hydrolase. Since this strategy is based on the use of an enzyme and not viable microorganisms, recombinant DNA technology could be used without the problems associated with releasing genetically altered microorganisms into the environment. The gene coding for parathion hydrolase was cloned into a Streptomyces lividans, and this transformed bacterium was observed to express and excrete this enzyme. Subsequently, fermentation conditions were developed to enhance enzyme production, and this fermentation was scaled-up to the pilot scale. The cell-free culture fluid (i.e., a nonpurified enzyme solution) was observed to be capable of effectively hydrolyzing organophosphate compounds under laboratory and simulated in situ conditions.