Pituitary microadenoma (PM) is often difficult to detect by MR imaging alone. We employed a computer-aided PM diagnosis (PM-CAD) system based on deep learning to assist radiologists in clinical workflow. We enrolled 1,228 participants and stratified into 3 non-overlapping cohorts for training, validation and testing purposes. Our PM-CAD system outperformed 6 existing established convolutional neural network models for detection of PM. In test dataset, diagnostic accuracy of PM-CAD system was comparable to radiologists with > 10 years of professional expertise (94% versus 95%). The diagnostic accuracy in internal and external dataset was 94% and 90%, respectively. Importantly, PM-CAD system detected the presence of PM that had been previously misdiagnosed by radiologists. This is the first report showing that PM-CAD system is a viable tool for detecting PM. Our results suggest that PM-CAD system is applicable to radiology departments, especially in primary health care institutions.
Bivalves are species-rich mollusks with prominent protective roles in coastal ecosystems. Across these ancient lineages, colony-founding larvae anchor themselves either by byssus production or by cemented attachment. The latter mode of sessile life is strongly molded by left-right shell asymmetry during larval development of Ostreoida oysters such as Crassostrea hongkongensis. Here, we sequenced the genome of C. hongkongensis in high resolution and compared it to reference bivalve genomes to unveil genomic determinants driving cemented attachment and shell asymmetry. Importantly, loss of the homeobox gene antennapedia (Antp) and broad expansion of lineage-specific extracellular gene families are implicated in a shift from byssal to cemented attachment in bivalves. Evidence from comparative transcriptomics shows that the left-right asymmetrical C. hongkongensis plausibly diverged from the symmetrical Pinctada fucata in expression profiles marked by elevated activities of orthologous transcription factors and lineage-specific shell-related gene families including tyrosinases, which may cooperatively govern asymmetrical shell formation in Ostreoida oysters.
Apart from carrying hereditary information inherited from their ancestors and being able to pass on the information to their descendants, cells can also inherit and transmit information that is not stored as changes in their genome sequence. Such epigenetic cell memory, which is particularly important in multicellular organisms, involves multiple biochemical modules mainly including chromatin organization, epigenetic modification and gene transcription. The synergetic mechanism among these three modules remains poorly understood and how they collaboratively affect the robustness and stability of epigenetic memory is unclear either. Here we developed a multiscale model to address these questions. We found that the chromatin organization driven by long-range epigenetic modifications can significantly enhance epigenetic cell memory and its stability in contrast to that driven by local interaction and that chromatin topology and gene activity can promptly and simultaneously respond to changes in nucleosome modifications while maintaining the robustness and stability of epigenetic cell memory over several cell cycles. We concluded that the synergism between chromatin dynamics and gene transcription facilitates the faithful inheritance of epigenetic cell memory across generations.
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