Different parameters (air pressure, quantity of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) oil, position of nozzle, etc.) of an MQL system have different effects on the milling force and milling temperature. The cutting force and cutting temperature, which are closely related to lubrication and coolant, play significant roles in improving/reducing the cutting quality of a workpiece and extending/shortening the tool life. The present work investigates experimentally the effects of different MQL parameters (air pressure, quantity of oil consumed, and position of the nozzle) in end-milling titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V). The experimental results show that the penetrating ability of MQL oil mist has a significant effect on the milling forces and milling temperatures. When the values of air pressure and spraying distance were either too large or too small, it is not good for oil mist to penetrate into the contact zones. The spraying angle of the nozzle position has a minimal impact on the penetration ability. Conversely, the amount of oil delivery is the most important part of MQL application. The minimum quantity of oil consumption can be obtained. The results will help to select optimum MQL parameters in end-milling titanium alloy.
The effect of an external transverse magnetic field on ionization injection of electrons in a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) is investigated by theoretical analysis and particle-in-cell simulations. On application of a few tens of Tesla magnetic field, both the electron trapping condition and the wakefield structure changes significantly such that injection occurs over a shorter distance and at an enhanced rate. Furthermore, beam loading is compensated for, as a result of the intrinsic trapezoidal-shaped longitudinal charge density profile of injected electrons. The nonlinear ionization injection and consequent compensation of beam loading lead to a reduction in the energy spread and an enhancement of both the charge and final peak energy of the electron beam from a LWFA immersed in the magnetic field.
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