Background/Objective: Child-to-parent violence has generated great interest on the part of professionals and researchers in recent years. Consequently, there is a need to provide an assessment instrument that includes a wide range of child-to-parent violence behaviours and all of elements that define this type of violence. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to analyse the structure, reliability and validity of the CPV-Q, an instrument to assess child-to-parent violence behaviours, including the reasons for aggression against parents. Method: A total of 1,386 Spanish adolescents (55.2% females; M age = 14.7 , SD = 1.7) were assessed using the CPV-Q. We obtained descriptive statistics of the items, the internal structure of the scale using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, its reliability, and external evidence of its validity. Results: Data indicated a matrix of 4 factors with 14 parallel items (for the father and for the mother). Reasons for child-to-parent violence were grouped into instrumental and reactive reasons. Conclusion: The CPV-Q presents adequate psychometric properties; thus, it is proposed as a useful instrument to assess child-to-parent violence in both professional and research settings.

Introduction:The aim of the current cross-sectional study was to examine the role of socialcognitive processing in the relation between violence exposure at home and child-to-parent violence. Methods: The study included 1,624 adolescents (54.9% girls) aged between 12 and 18 years (M age = 14.7,S D= 1.7 years) from Jaén and Oviedo (Spain) who completed a set of questionnaires about violence exposure, child-to-parent violence and social-cognitive processing. Results: The data revealed that exposure to violence at home is related to dysfunctional components of social-cognitive processing, and that whereas some of these components (anger and aggressive response access) are positively related to child-to-parent violence motivated by reactive reasons, other components (anticipation of positive consequences and justification of violence) are positively related to the instrumental use of the aggression against parents. Conclusions: More prevention work is needed with children exposed to violence at home to reduce the risk of intergenerational transmission of violence. Moreover, treatment programs should include intervention on the way in which adolescents process the information in their interactions with parents. These interventions must be focused on different components of social-cognitive processing, depending on whether these aggressive behaviors are motivated by reactive or instrumental reasons.Child-to-parent violence (CPV) was initially defined several decades ago with the term "Battered Parent Syndrome", which exclusively included physical aggression and verbal/nonverbal threats of physical harm (Harbin & Madden, 1979). The concept was expanded over time and is currently defined as "any act of a child that is intended to cause physical, psychological or financial damage to gain power and control over a parent" (Cottrell, 2001, p. 3). More recently, other authors also indicate that the violent behavior is aimed to obtain power, control and domain over a parent (Molla-Esparza & Aroca-Montolío, 2018, p.17) or to dominate, coerce and control parents (Howard & Rottem, 2008, p. 10), and also that, in CPV cases, it is necessary to exclude isolated acts of violence (Molla-Esparza & Aroca-Montolío, 2018;Pereira et al., 2017) and those violent acts produced under a state of diminished consciousness (e.g., those acts caused by psychological disorders or by abstinence syndrome related to drug abuse) (Pereira et al., 2017). Following Cottrell (2001), psychological violence refers to those behaviours intended to emotionally hurt parents (e.g., intimidating, running away from home, threatening, etc.). Verbal violence is a type of psychological abuse and includes acts such as shouting, challenging, belittling, etc. Physical violence refers to acts such as pushing, spitting, kicking, punching, etc. Finally, financial abuse includes behaviours such as stealing money or parents' belongings, selling parents' possessions, destroying the home or

The present study analyses the variations of the skin resistance level (SRL) during 48 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and its relationship to body temperature, self‐informed sleepiness in the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), and reaction time (RT). All of the variables were evaluated every 2 h except for the SSS, which was evaluated every hour. A total of 30 healthy subjects (15 men and 15 women) from 18 to 24 years old participated in the experiment. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with TSD days and time‐of‐day as factors showed a substantial increase of SRL, SSS, and RT, and a decrease in body temperature marked by strong circadian oscillations. The interaction between day by time‐of‐day was only significant for RT. Furthermore, Pearson's correlations showed that the increase of SRL is associated to the decrease in temperature (mean r=−0.511), the increase of SSS (mean r=0.509), and the deterioration of RT (mean r=0.425). The results support previous TSD reports and demonstrate the sensitivity of SRL to TSD. The non‐invasive character of SRL, its simplicity, and its relationships with other activation parameters, widely validated by previous literature, convert SRL into an interesting and useful measure in this field.

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