The physicochemical properties of essential oil of a new citrus hybrid obtained in Calabria by crossbreeding the diploid clementine and the tetraploid lemon, were examined by means of analytical determinations and by GC and GUMS. The 82 components were detected by GC analysis, 31 of which were identified. On the other hand, by GC/MS determinations, 105 components were detected and 13 new components were fully characterized. It is evident that the oil composition is influenced by the parents. The inonoterpene hydrocarbons represent 97.84%, and the main component being limonene. Examination of the aldehydes revealed that geranial found in tetraploid lemon oil was absent in the hybrid oil and neral was present only in 0.01%.
This Paper analyses a new approach for the development of Non Associated Gas (NAG) and the recovery of Associated Gas (AG), within an uncertain business context. The new gas fields' development approach is intended to be applied in Nigeria and other developing countries where the business context can be affected by several constraints, such as: funding availability, projects approval delay, flaring down policies, gas profiles uncertainty at project approval time, local content laws and lower profitability than oil projects. The new approach is based on: reverse design based on service rather then gas profile, design replication, "building block development", standard procurement, competitive design. The realization of a standard station for treatment and compression of gas (characterized by modularity, compactness, easy transport and installation and use of standard components) has been proposed and preliminarily analysed. This paper describes the implementation of "first installation" of Standard Compression Station (SCS) within a wider gas master plan, the analysis of peculiarities of the development concept and the opportunity to share this new approach with other business areas. In general, the Gas Supply Agreements are based on flat plateau, "constant" for a long period; therefore the gas development plan should not be based on the peak of production but on the sustainability of regular gas volumes to accomplish the required profile during the years. The idea is to define the "functionality" of Standard Compression Station that will be installed on existing flow-stations, without interferences and with minor modifications, recovering gas presently flared (in agreement with the flaring down policy) and allowing the development of NAG fields in surrounding areas. The replication of Standard Compression Stations (distributed in a wider area) can opportunely sustain the gas supply commitment to users (typically power stations and LNG plants). In case of several installations, the major expected advantages are: design replication, potential cost saving from replicable Contract strategies and framework agreements, time to market reduction, simplified construction, installation, and commissioning activities, maintenance synergies security costs and, furthermore, more constant expenditure. The installation of Standard Compression Stations represents a benfit for the environment when the gas associated with the oil production can be recovered. In light of this there are opportunities that can be exploited to apply for Carbon Credits, in line with the Kyoto Protocol. Background Nigerian context is characterized by on shore block maturity from the oil side with a declining oil fields production, so the current plants with minor maintenance expenditure can be kept operational for the following years. Oil and gas field are distributed in a wide area with several logistic difficulties (due to security difficulties, absence of fast connections, swamp).
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