The rising interest in the valorisation of industrial by-products is one of the main reasons why exploring different species and optimizing the extracting conditions of collagen and gelatin has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade. The most abundant sources of gelatin are pig skin, bovine hide and, pork and cattle bones, however, the industrial use of collagen or gelatin obtained from non-mammalian species is growing in importance. The classical food, photographic, cosmetic and pharmaceutical application of gelatin is based mainly on its gel-forming properties. Recently, and especially in the food industry, an increasing number of new applications have been found for gelatin in products such as emulsifiers, foaming agents, colloid stabilizers, biodegradable film forming materials and micro-encapsulating agents, in line with the growing trend to replace synthetic agents with more natural ones. In the last decade, a large number of studies have dealt with the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen or gelatin for the production of bioactive peptides. Besides exploring diverse types of bioactivities, of an antimicrobial, antioxidant or antihypertensive nature, studies have also focused on the effect of oral intake in both animal and human models, revealing the excellent absorption and metabolism of Hyp-containing peptides. The present work is a compilation of recent information on collagen and gelatin extraction from new sources, as well as new processing conditions and potential novel or improved applications, many of which are largely based on induced cross-linking, blending with other biopolymers or enzymatic hydrolysis.

No abstract

No abstract

Most films used to preserve foodstuffs are made from synthetic plastic materials.However, for environmental reasons, attention has recently turned to biodegradable films. Gelatin has been extensively studied for its film forming capacity and applicability as an outer covering to protect food against drying, light, and oxygen. Moreover, it is 5 one of the first materials proposed as a carrier of bioactive components. Gelatins from alternatives to mammalian species are gaining prominence, especially gelatins from marine fish species. Because of their good film-forming abilities, fish gelatins may be a good alternative to synthetic plastics for making films to preserve foodstuffs. The mechanical and barrier properties of these films depend largely on the physical and 10 chemical characteristics of the gelatin, especially the amino acid composition, which is highly species specific, and the molecular weight distribution, which depends mainly on processing conditions. Different film formulations can be developed to extend the films' physical and chemical properties and to add new functional attributes. This paper reviews the most recent scientific literature dealing with films based on gelatins from 15 different fish species and considers various strategies intended to improve the physical properties of such films by combining fish gelatins with such other biopolymers as soy protein isolate, oils and fatty acids, and certain polysaccharides. The use of plasticizers and cross-linking agents is also discussed. Specific attributes, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, may be also conferred by blending the gelatin 20 with chitosan, lysozyme, essential oils, plant extracts, or vitamin C to produce an active packaging biomaterial.

** This centre has implemented and maintains a Quality Management System which fulfils the requirements of the ISO standard 9001:2000 AbstractSquid gelatin obtained from inner and outer tunics was hydrolyzed with Alcalase to isolate antioxidant peptide sequences. The ACE-inhibitory activity of the isolated peptides was also evaluated. After fractionation by ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography into four fractions, the antioxidant activity of the peptide fractions was determined by radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing power. Fraction FIII showed the highest antioxidant activity, although slight differences could be expected in the antioxidant activity of the different fractions based on the amino acid composition.FIII was subjected to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and two major compounds were identified: the compound with m/z 952.42, which could be mostly comprised by the carbohydrate fucose, and the peptide with m/z 1410.63. Three possible sequences were proposed for this peptide, and the contribution of Leu or Hyp residues to the antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities of the resulting sequence was evaluated. The presence of Leu residues in the peptide sequence in *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 2 replacement of Hyp seems to play an important role in the antioxidant and ACEinhibitory activity.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract