We report the production and characterization of a form of amorphous carbon films with sp/sp 2 hybridization (atomic fraction of sp hybridized species ≥ 20%) where the predominant sp bonding appears to be (=C=C=) n cumulene. Vibrational and electronic properties have been studied by in situ Raman spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. Cumulenic chains are substantially stable for temperatures lower than 250 K and they influence the electrical transport properties of the sp/sp 2 carbon through a self-doping mechanism by pinning the Fermi level closer to one of the mobility gap edges. Upon heating above 250 K the cumulenic species decay to form graphitic nanodomains embedded in the sp 2 amorphous matrix thus reducing the activation energy of the material. This is the first example of a pure carbon system where the sp hybridization influences bulk properties. Cumulenes are expected to tend to a metallic behavior, characterized by the homogeneous distribution of the π orbitals, as their length increases, while polyynes are expected to be semiconducing even for infinitely long chains, due to bond length alternation opening an energy gap at the edge of the Brilluoin zone [6,7].Sp chains can be stabilized by isolation in rare gas or inorganic matrices [8,5] or terminating the chain ends with suitable functional groups [6,9]. Calculations on infinite carbon chains indicate that polyynes are energetically more stable than cumulenes due to Peierls distortion [10], however for finite length chains the gain in energy is too low to be significant even a T = 0 K [11].Furthermore it has been shown that the electronic configuration of the chains is determined, regardless their length, by the group termination of the chain [6]. A conspicuous amount of experimental and theoretical results are available on the electronic structure and vibrational properties of isolated polyynes [12][13][14], whereas almost no experimental characterizations can be found on cumulenes.The possibility of stabilizing sp chains in cluster-assembled nanostructured carbon films Here we report on the production and characterization of amorphous sp/sp 2 carbon films where the dominant sp species are cumulenes. This is obtained by supersonic cluster beam deposition on a substrate kept at a temperature of 150 K. We show that cumulenes are stable up to a temperature of roughly 210 K and that they influence the electrical transport properties of the films acting as metallic doping species. By rising the film temperature to 325 K cumulenes undergo a reorganization inducing the formation of nanometric graphitic islands in the amorphous sp 2 matrix, while the amount of polyynes remains substantially constant in the investigated temperature range.Cluster-assembled films were grown in ultra high vacuum (~ 10 -9 mbar) by depositing on glass substrates a supersonic beam of carbon clusters produced by a pulsed microplasma cluster source as described in detail in refs. [19,20]; two parallel gold contacts were previously evaporated on the substrat...
We have measured the radiation tolerance of poly-crystalline and single-crystalline diamonds grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process by measuring the charge collected before and after irradiation in a 50
m pitch strip detector fabricated on each diamond sample. We irradiated one group of sensors with 800 MeV protons, and a second group of sensors with 24 GeV protons, in steps, to
protons cm−2 and
protons cm−2 respectively. We observe the sum of mean drift paths for electrons and holes for both poly-crystalline CVD diamond and single-crystalline CVD diamond decreases with irradiation fluence from its initial value according to a simple damage curve characterized by a damage constant for each irradiation energy and the irradiation fluence. We find for each irradiation energy the damage constant, for poly-crystalline CVD diamond to be the same within statistical errors as the damage constant for single-crystalline CVD diamond. We find the damage constant for diamond irradiated with 24 GeV protons to be
and the damage constant for diamond irradiated with 800 MeV protons to be
. Moreover, we observe the
pulse height decreases with fluence for poly-crystalline CVD material and within statistical errors does not change with fluence for single-crystalline CVD material for both 24 GeV proton irradiation and 800 MeV proton irradiation. Finally, we have measured the uniformity of each sample as a function of fluence and observed that for poly-crystalline CVD diamond the samples become more uniform with fluence while for single-crystalline CVD diamond the uniformity does not change with fluence.
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