The glass transition temperature of the random copolyesters of poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid prepared by molten state polycondensation increases with increasing concentration of p-oxybenzoate units (oxy-l,4-phenylenecarbonyl units). The observed values of the glass transition temperature are compared with the values predicted from various empirical equations on the Tg's of copolymers and the concave T,-composition curve is explained in terms of the internal stiffening effect of the p-oxybenzoate unit. The melting temperatures of the copolyesters vary with composition and show an eutectic phase diagram. The melting temperature and enthalpy of fusion of the homopolymer of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were determined making use of Flory's equation on the melting point of a copolymer. -a) Part 2, cf.: M. Balachandar, T. Balakrishnan, H. Kothandaraman, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. b, Systematic nomenclature: oxy-l,4-phenylenecarbonyl.

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A novel nanofuel is formulated using aluminum oxide (alumina) nanoparticles (AONs) in neat plastic oil (PO). A light-duty compression-ignition engine is used in the present investigation to analyze the effect of a 100% plastic nanofuel under different concentrations of nanoparticle on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. The modified fuels used for conducting the experiment were formulated by mixing PO with 100, 150, and 200 mg/L of AON. The results of the physical and chemical properties of neat PO were significantly improved, in addition to AON. The nanofuels exhibited lower in-cylinder pressure, delay period, and combustion duration than that of neat PO operation. The performance analysis revealed a 10.3% increase in thermal efficiency for PAN200 nanofuel compared with PO and it was almost the same as that of conventional diesel fuel. The emission levels of HC, CO, and smoke for PO-based nanofuels were reduced significantly at all brake mean effective pressure values, whereas the reduction in the NO X emission was only marginal. At full load, the emission of smoke, HC and CO of the PAN200 nanofuel were lower than the diesel operation. Overall, the engine fueled with nanofuel exhibited superior characteristics compared to that of neat PO operation.combustion, diesel engine, emission, nanoaluminum oxide, nanofuel, plastic oil | INTRODUCTIONThe high performance, durability, and wide range of applications of diesel engines are the major reasons for the rapid increase in their number, especially in the last two decades. Even though compression-ignition (CI) engines produce higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) compared with spark-ignition engines, the level of NO X , smoke, and particulate matter in their exhaust is high. Recent studies reveal that the emission from the transportation sector contributes more to the total emission level than the industrial and domestic sectors. 1,2 The products of combustion pose a great threat to both human and animal life and are major environmental concerns. Reducing the exhaust emissions of diesel engines, without compromising the performance, is still a challenge for researchers. Also, emission norms are getting more stringent every year for reducing the impact of emissions on the environment. Moreover, excessive extraction and generous consumption are declining the level of fossil fuel reserves at an alarming rate. These two issues have forced researchers to look for an alternative environment-friendly energy source. 3,4 Extensive research is underway, around the world, for finding out a potential alternative energy resource for substituting petroleum fuels. The physical and chemical properties of various biodiesels are almost similar to that of conventional fuels, so the majority of the research has been carried out using them as an alternative for diesel. 5-9 Amongst the various fuels used, plastic oil (PO) synthesized using the pyrolysis technique has gained significant attention due to its double advantage by collecting waste plastic by recovering energy ...

Flat plate collector is a low temperature solar thermal collector which is used for domestic water heating, air heating/drying and applications requiring fluid temperature of 40 o C to 100 o C.The major parts responsible for working of FPC are absorber tube, absorber plate and transparent cover. Various enhancement techniques have been used to increase the heat transfer characteristics of flat plate collector with insertions (twisted tapes, wire coil) into the copper tube and by modifying the surface area of copper tube with respect to design. This paper is used to enhance the heat transfer characteristics of solar flat plate collector with the help of an inner grooved copper tube instead of existing copper tube. (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : www.ijert.org 0 10 20 30 40 0.0046518520.004752432 0.004082 η(%)

The present data study deals with the experimental analysis of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of CI engine fuelled with corn oil methyl ester biodiesel blend as alternative fuel. A two-step trans esterification process is used to produce the biodiesel. Furthermore, a characteristics study was carried out on the extracted corn oil methyl ester biodiesel blends over conventional fuel. Three different fuel blends namely B10, B20 and B30 were chosen and the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of these are compared to that of conventional diesel fuel. Eddy current dynamometer is used load the engine from no load to maximum load condition. Using AVL DiGAS 444 N gas analyser and AVL 346 smoke meter the emissions and smoke opacity of the fuel blends and diesel were measured respectively. The experimental performance, emission and combustion data's were presented.