This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Committee following review information contained m an abstract submitted by author(sl. Contents of the pa.
Problems of environmental control involving conservation of water resources are vital for the development of giant oil and gas condensate fields near Caspian Sea (Russia) characterized by water shortages. One of the urgent tasks of oil production industry is to use all field waste water consisting of underground, processing and rain water. It was necessary to construct a new highly effective equipment which could be used in local waste water treatment. Now we have at our disposal a technology and equipment to meet the requirements to the treated water quality. Thus we have installed a modular unit of 100 m3/a day capacity to clean waste water from oil products, suspended matter and other organic pollutants at Orenburg oil and gas condensate field, Russia. The unit provides with a full treatment of produced water and comprises a settling tank with adhesive facility, the number of sorption filters, Trofactor bioreactors and a disinfecting facility. The equipment is fitted into three boxes measuring 9x3.2x2.7 m each, The equipment is simple in design that enables to save money, time and space. Sorption filters, bioreactors as well as the Trofactor process are a part of know-how. While working on the unit construction we applied well known methods of settling and sorption. The process of mechanic cleaning is undergoing in the following succession:the gravitational separation in a settling tank where the floated film oil products are constantly gathered and the sediment is periodically taken away,the settled water treatment in sorption filters of a special kind. The full and effective biological treatment implies cleaning water from both solute and suspended organic matter with immobilized microorganisms. The new technology is applied in bioreactor Trofactor consisting of two main elements: a fibrous nozzle for immobilized microorganisms and sectional unit. Immobilization provokes high microorganism concentration that stabilizes treatment process and protects the technological unit in cases of extreme load at a high speed. When the nostril contacts with water layer of microorganisms cover the water surface. Thus as a result of biomass transfer waste water are cleaned from organic pollutants. The technology was successfully tested and we estimated the efficiency of mechanical water treatment in the settling tank that is twice higher in comparison to standard equipment, as shown in Table 1. The "Trofactor" process incorporating anaerobic and aerobic reactors is effective by 95% as we can see in Table 2. The data in Table 2 prove that biotechnology "Trofactor" meets requirements to the quality of flooding water, to the content of oil products and suspended matters - no more than 25 mg/l. Thus we have developed the equipment and technology which give the opportunity to save and recycle waste water in the process of oil and gas production, to use the decontaminated water for flooding the fields, to install the equipment quickly as it is supplied in full assembly. P. 761
Ecologically Safe Method to Monitor Fluid Filtration in Oil and Gas Bearing Formations and Wells. Effective production of oil, gas condensate and natural gas depends on the geological structure of oil and gas bearing formation. Having analyzed gas saturated reservoirs of oil and gas bearing formation in Orenburg oil and gas condensate field, it was concluded that the wells in the sites of high vertical and horizontal fracturing are flooded by underground waters. Direct data and field take-off are used to determine the reservoir direction, its filtration and capacity characteristics. Today there are some methods to monitor the direction of stratum fluid movement using radioisotope or sound waves though their application is limited. A radioisotope method is not ecologically safe, others demand a complicated equipment and specially trained personnel. We have developed and model-tested a biological tracing method to expose the zones of increased fracturing and of vertical and horizontal communication between wells and strata-reservoirs. The method is especially effective for sulfated carbonate reservoirs of heterogeneous fracturing. We have developed two types of biotracers, one of them is based on the living microorganisms dyed with fluorochromes. The cells remain luminescent for several months. The fluorochromes used for dying must be cheap, available and lack bactericidal properties, for example erythrosine, acridine orange, eosin. As a result of living microorganisms' movement, reproduction, adherence the picture of their real spreading by gas flow can be misrepresented when using them for a long time. Their application is restricted by temperature conditions (20-55 C). Under a higher temperature microorganisms die, cells get destructed. That's why we have developed biotracer 2 based on dead thermally treated yeast cells. It has more advantages: no temperature application restriction, no dyeing and more reliable monitoring as these microorganisms are hardly ever to be found in gas and oil field strata. We discovered by way of luminescence microscopy the natural fluoroscence properties of these thermally treated bacteria. They are resistant to a high stratum temperature (up to 100 C), mineralization, sulfur presence for a year and even more. Unlike other methods, biotracing points more exactly to high permeability zones and adds to hydrodynamic investigation results. The structure of oil and gas bearing formation is analyzed through the biotracer concentration in the extracted product. The tracer is identified by way of luminescence microscopy in the ultraviolet part of spectrum. Biotracing can also be used to forecast and characterize the possible flooding of complicated heterogeneous reservoirs. The method was tested in Orenburg hydrogen sulfide gas condensate field. Biotracers were pumped into 7 wells and then detected in 10 producing wells, the distance between wells being 500 - 2500 m. The method confirmed the vertical and horizontal fracturing of the reservoirs, determined the fluid speed (25-130 m / day) in the stratum. It was also successfully used in other oil and gas fields in Russia and Kazkhstan. Our microbiological method of monitoring fluid filtration in oil and gas bearing formations is simple and cost-effective, as it does not require complicated and expensive equipment, and ecologically safe. The described method meets all the requirements for modern fluid monitoring systems to the highest possible degree. P. 763
The article considers microbiological processes in drilling mud pits in the result of keeping in storage solid and liquid drilling mud wastes in them. It was proved that in the result of microorgans activity in the pit toxic biogases are formed-hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide. In some cases these processes advanced sulfate access from the well and continued up to gas saturated productive formations opening. The usage of bactericides, such as cuprates, potassium bichromate, paraform and etc, inhibits microorgans activity and first of all SRB, which produce hydrogen sulfide in anaerobic conditions. In the result or microorgans inactivation environmental contamination is prevented.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Committee following review information contained m an abstract submitted by author(sl. Contents of the pa.
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