Long-term changes in the plankton of the North Sea are investigated using data from the continuous plankton recorder (CPR) survey. During the last 4 decades, there appears to have been 2 large anomalous periods within the plankton data set, one that occurred in the late 1970s and the other in the late 1980s. These anomalous periods seem to be largely synchronous with unusual ocean climate conditions that have occurred episodically over a timescale of decades. The unusual ocean climate conditions prevailing at these 2 time periods appear to contain important hydrographical elements that involve oceanic incursions into the North Sea. This paper, using data from the CPR survey and providing evidence from other studies, focuses on the relationship between the long-term changes in the biology of the North Sea and these 2 exceptional hydro-climatic events. Here, we suggest that while atmospheric variability and associated changes in regional temperatures have a dominant effect on the marine environment, oceanic influences on the ecology of a semi-closed environment such as the North Sea may have been underestimated in the past.KEY WORDS: North Sea · Plankton communities · Long-term trends · Continuous plankton recorder · Great salinity anomaly · Ocean climate Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 239: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] 2002 to such an extent they can take the form of notable biological shifts (Edwards et al. 2001a). In the North Sea, these biological irregularities appear to be largely synchronous with anomalous hydrographic events that have occurred episodically over the last 40 yr. In particular, 2 oceanographic anomalies stand out as exceptional periods. The first period, in the late 1970s, was associated with cold-boreal conditions, while the second period occurred in the late 1980s and was associated with a warm-temperate climate. The relationship between the long-term changes in plankton recorded by the continuous plankton recorder (CPR) survey in the North Sea and these 2 anomalous hydro-climatic events are discussed in this paper.The CPR survey, which was started in the North Sea in 1931, is one of only a few long-term biological monitoring programmes and the only one at a spatial scale that gives a systematic coverage of the North Sea in space and time. Using biological data recorded by the CPR survey, several planktonic time series were examined, including an assessment of phytoplankton biomass/structure, and components of the holozooplankton and meroplankton communities. This paper focuses predominately on the response of phytoplankton populations to the ocean climate anomalies. Other biological components of the ecosystem and independent studies from single-point stations are also discussed to corroborate and highlight the manifestation of this response through the various marine trophic levels. We found that although these studies also noticed an abrupt change in the North Sea ecosystem during these 2 periods, they did no...
An experimental and theoretical investigation of turbulent boundary layers developing in a sink-flow pressure gradient was undertaken. Three flow cases were studied, corresponding to different acceleration strengths. Mean-flow measurements were taken for all three cases, while Reynolds stresses and spectra measurements were made for two of the flow cases. In this study attention was focused on the evolution of the layers to an equilibrium turbulent state. All the layers were found to attain a state very close to precise equilibrium. This gave equilibrium sink flow data at higher Reynolds numbers than in previous experiments. The mean velocity profiles were found to collapse onto the conventional logarithmic law of the wall. However, for profiles measured with the Pitot tube, a slight ‘kick-up’ from the logarithmic law was observed near the buffer region, whereas the mean velocity profiles measured with a normal hot wire did not exhibit this deviation from the logarithmic law. As the layers approached equilibrium, the mean velocity profiles were found to approach the pure wall profile and for the highest level of acceleration Π was very close to zero, where Π is the Coles wake factor. This supports the proposition of Coles (1957), that the equilibrium sink flow corresponds to pure wall flow. Particular interest was also given to the evolutionary stages of the boundary layers, in order to test and further develop the closure hypothesis of Perry, Marusic & Li (1994). Improved quantitative agreement with the experimental results was found after slight modification of their original closure equation.
Incorporation of ecologically relevant biomarkers into routine environmental management programs has been advocated as a pragmatic means of linking environmental degradation with its causes. Here, suites of biomarkers, devised to measure molecular damage, developmental abnormality and physiological impairment, were combined with chemical analysis to determine exposure to and the effects of pollution at sites within Southampton Water (UK). Test species included a filter feeder, a grazer, and an omnivore to determine the sensitivity of organisms occupying different trophic levels. Linear regression confirmed a significant association between incidence of intersex in Littorina littorea and tributyltin (TBT) concentrations (R2 = 0.954) and between PAH metabolites in Carcinus maenas urine and PAHs in sediments (R2 = 0.754). Principal component analysis revealed a gradient of detrimental impact to biota from the head to the mouth of the estuary, coincident with high sediment concentrations of heavy metals, PAHs, and biocides. Multidimensional scaling identified C. maenas as the organism most sensitive to contamination. Carboxylesterase activity, metallothionein and total haemolymph protein were the most discriminating biomarkers among sites. This holistic approach to environmental assessment is encouraged as it helps to identify the integrated impact of chemical contamination on organisms and to provide a realistic measure of environmental quality.
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