The present experiment was conducted for 90 days to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation on performance of Osmanabadi kids at Osmanabadi goat unit of Red Kandhari Research and Instructional Farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra. Eighteen male or female kids of 3-6 months age were selected and randomly divided on equal weight basis into three treatment groups viz. T0 (control) with basal ration, T1 group with basal ration plus probiotics (Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus), T2 group with basal ration plus probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus). The averages for weekly body weight (kg) of kids in different treatment groups (T0, T1 and T2) at the end of experiment were 12.69±0.27, 13.78±0.48, 14.94±0.34 kg, respectively. The weekly body weight gain was 0.35±0.01, 0.50±0.01, 0.58±0.01 kg, respectively while the average daily gain was 50.33±1.45, 70.83±0.70, 83.33±1.65 g, respectively, for T0, T1 and T2 groups. At the end of 13th week, FCR for T2 group was significantly lower (6.14±0.01) as compared to T1 (7.14±0.04) and T0 (9.20±0.28) groups. Highly significant differences were observed for weekly body weight, weekly body weight gain, average daily gain, weekly and daily feed intake. It can be concluded that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus supplemented group (T2) exhibited better performance in terms of growth and FCR as compared to Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus supplemented group (T1) and control (T0).
Colic is defined as pain originated from the gastro-intestinal tract. It causes the most serious condition in horses and donkeys, which result in severe abdominal pain and discomfort (Radostits et al., 2007). It occurs in all animals, but it is most common in equines due to anatomical configurations. Equines are monogastric animals with hindgut fermenters in which digestion of fiber takes place physiologically in cecum and colon, and it provides major energy source. One of the most important key factors of colic is retropulsive peristalsis of ingesta in large intestine close to the narrow pelvic flexure causing impaction (Argenzio, 1975). The clinical symptoms in donkeys are less marked as compared to the horses. Dullness is the most important clinical symptom observed in colic, but other symptoms observed are rare as compared to horses, like laying down, pawing, sweating, rolling on the ground etc (Donkey sanctuary, 2014). Diagnosis of colic is multidimensional (Temesgen and Fasika, 2018) and it is treated medically and surgically as early as possible to get rid from severe pain. This paper reports a rare case of colic and its medical management in a donkey.
The identification of livestock breed is a necessity for its long-term maintenance and utilisation. Principal component analysis of morphometric traits has proved successful for reduction in the number of features needed for morphological evaluation in livestock species, which keeps costs down and saves time and efforts. Eighteen body biometric traits, viz. Height at withers, Leg length, Neck length, Neck circumference, Body length, Chest girth, Abdominal girth, Face length, Face width, Ear length, Horn length, Horn base circumference, Distance between horns, Hip-bone distance, Pin-bone distance, Distance between hip and Pubis bone, Rump length and Tail length of 103 Marathwadi buffaloes were analysed by using Promax rotated PCA with Kaiser Normalization to explain body conformation. Highest correlation was observed between HW × LEG (0.77), KMO Measure of Sampling Adequacy was 0.794 while Bartlett’s test of Sphericity was significant with chi-square value of 640.494. PCA revealed five components which explained about 61.91% of the total variation. First component explained 31.05% describing general body conformation with highest loadings for BH, CG, LEG and HB. The communality ranged from 0.43 (HC) to 0.78 (FW). Total variance explained by second, third, fourth and fifth component was 10.83%, 7.34%, 6.75% and 5.92% respectively. The rotated pattern matrix showed higher loadings of NC, PG, FL for Marathwadi buffaloes. Traits having high loadings in pattern matrix had high correlation with the components under structure matrix. Present study suggested that PCA can successfully reduce the dimensionality and first PC can be used in the evaluation and comparison of body conformation in Marathwadi buffaloes.
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