The article explores how fluid flows and heat transfers in both deep and shallow cavities when using a nanofluid made of water, copper, and aluminum oxide. The study applies the Corcione model to hybrid nanofluids, which considers viscosity, conductivity, and the size of the nanoparticle, temperature, and Reynolds number. The cavity is connected to a rectangular channel, with the cavity's length being half the total length of the enclosure, and the aspect ratio (cavity height divided by height of the channel) is tested from 1 to 3. The study uses the Navier–Stokes equation and energy equation in two dimensions, along with finite element-based software, COMSOL 5.6, to simulate the combination of fluid flow and heat transmission. The results show a circular distribution of temperature in the cavity, and the average temperature drops as the volume fraction of copper upsurges. However, both the Reynolds number and volume fraction of copper improve the average Nusselt number, which shows how well the fluid transfers heat, along the cavity's middle line. The percentage change in the average Nusselt number decreases as the aspect ratio increases, indicating improved conduction.
The current article is an understanding of heat transfer and non-Newtonian fluid flow with implications of the power-law fluid on a facing surface of the circular cylinder embedded at the end of the channel containing the screen. The cylinder is fixed with an aspect ratio of 4:1 from height to the radius of the cylinder. The simulation for the fluid flow and heat transfer was obtained with variation of the angle of screen 63 , Reynolds number 1000 Re 10,000 and the power-law index 0.7 1.3 n by solving the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation with screen boundary condition and slip walls. The results will be in a good match with asymptotic solution given in the literature. The results are presented through graph plots for the non-dimensional velocity, temperature, mean effective thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, and the local Nusselt number on the front surface of the circular cylinder. It was found that the ratio between the input velocity to the present velocity on the surface of the circular cylinder remains consistent and reaches up to a maximum of 2.2% and the process of heat transfer does not affect by the moving of the screen and clearly with the raise of power-law indexes the distribution of the heat transfer upsurges. On validation with two experimentally derived correlations, it was also found that the results obtained for the shear-thinning fluid are more precise than the numerically calculated results for the Newtonian as well as shear-thickening cases. Finally, we suggest the necessary measures to enrich the the development of convection when observing with the strong effects influenced by screens or screen boundary conditions.
In this paper, the flow of hybrid nanofluids in a three-dimensional rectangular channel consisting of three perpendicular blocks will be analyzed in terms of heat transfer. The two perpendicular rectangular blocks are rotating with speed ω . The hybrid mixture consists of aluminum oxide and copper, and each of them will contain in volume fraction of 0.001 to 0.25. The κ - ε model of turbulent flow along with Navier and energy equation will be brought into action by using the finite element package COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6. Volume fraction and speed of rotation will be used as the parameters, and a parameter study will be done by fixing the Reynolds number Re = 50,000 with energy dissipation rate ( ε ) ( m 2 / s 3 ) ( 3.46 E − 6 to 3.76 E − 5 ), kinetic energy ( κ ) ( m 2 / s 2 ) ( 2.50 E − 06 to 1.23 E − 05 ), and the Prandtl number (0.98506 to 1.2625). It was deducted that the local Nusselt number is minimized at the outlet for stationary blocks and the maximum for the moving blocks. In addition, the mean number of Nusselt on the upper surface of the rectangular channel increases when the blocks are stationary and decreases when the blocks are moving. The study suggests that to maximize the conduction process in the channel the blocks must rotate with a certain velocity. This study also determined that with increasing the total viscosity of hybrid nanofluids, the average temperature is decreasing linearly in the middle of the channel whether the blocks are rotating or not. The temperature gradient along the z -axis decreases with increasing volume fraction only when blocks are stationary. In addition, it has been determined that the maximum average temperature occurs when the volume fractions of copper and oxide are equal to 0.001.
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