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The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and PermissionsThe material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.

The current study empirically investigates the relationship among female labor force participation and governance in developing nations, using panel data of 62 developing countries, from year 1996 to 2016. The two variables taken as dependent variables are women labor force participation and governance. Results of GMM estimation showed that there is positive association between women labor force participation and governance. Education, GDP per capita, and globalization has positive, while income inequality has negative impact on governance. Similarly, education, fertility rate and rural population has negative, and globalization has positive impact on female labor force participation. So, it is concluded that the importance of governance and women labor force participation cannot be refused in terms of growth enhancement, which will consequently improve the social and economic conditions of developing countries.

Working women contribute to household welfare in the form of child education, health, recreation, and nutrition. It also increases the welfare of household members. However, the situation varies depending on the formal and informal labor market, the adaptation of technology, the economic level of the country, and the socio-cultural status of the women in the household, community, and country. In this situation, the issue of the contribution of working women in child schooling is the focus of the current study. The study empirically investigates the relationship between female labor force participation and child schooling (5-15 years children) Pakistan by using micro data of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2011-12. The results of binary logistic regression show that women's employment has negative impact on child schooling, i.e. there is less probability of children to attend school as the mothers participate in the labor force. It is due to the higher ratio of female labor force participation in the informal labor market. The parental education, household income, gender of household head, and provision of electricity to the household have shown a positive impact on child schooling, while the number of children in the household and female gender of the child has shown a negative impact on child schooling.

This study examined the effect of population, energy consumption, economic development on environment degradation in the context of ASEAN countries. For this purpose, the study used the panel data of nine ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam) from 1995 to 2018 with the help of the World Development Indicators (WDI) dataset. Panel FMOLS and Panel ARDL methodology are used to examine the econometric model. ARDL results show that economic growth increases the emission of carbon dioxide which means economic development makes the environment unhealthy, moreover it confirmed the validity of the EKC hypothesis for ASEAN countries. There is a long-term positive impact of GDP and the consumption of energy on CO2 emission. In contrast, the impact of population growth is significant on the per capita emission of carbon dioxide. However, the emission of carbon dioxide hurts economic growth in the long run. Consequently, emission of carbon dioxide can be reduced, and economic growth can be sustainable by using low carbon emission technologies such as renewable energy.