Obese sheep were used to assess the effects of palmitoleic (C16:1 cis-9) acid infusion on lipogenesis and circulating insulin levels. Infusion of 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day C16:1 intravenously in obese sheep reduced (P<0.01) weight gain by 77%. Serum palmitoleic levels increased (P<0.05) in a linear manner with increasing levels of C16:1 infusion. Cis-11 vaccenic (C18:1 cis-11) acid, a known elongation product of palmitoleic acid, was also elevated (P<0.05) in serum after 14 days and 21 days of infusion. Plasma insulin levels were lower (P<0.05) (10 mg/kg BW/day C16:1) than controls (0 mg/kg BW/day C16:1) at 14 days and 28 days of infusion. Infusion of C16:1 resulted in linear increases in tissue concentrations of palmitoleic, cis-11 vaccenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acids in a dose-dependent manner. Total lipid content of the semitendinosus (ST) muscle and mesenteric adipose tissue was reduced (P<0.01) in both 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg BW C16:1 dose levels. Total lipid content and mean adipocyte size in the longissimus muscle was reduced (P<0.05) in the 10 mg/kg BW C16:1 dose level only, whereas total lipid content and adipocyte size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue was not altered. Total lipid content of the liver was also unchanged with C16:1 infusion. Palmitoleic acid infusion upregulated (P<0.05) acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid elongase-6 (ELOVL6), and Protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit, transcript variant 1 (AMPK) mRNA expressions in liver, subcutaneous adipose, and ST muscle compared to the controls. However, mRNA expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1B) differed between tissues. In the subcutaneous adipose and liver, C16:1 infusion upregulated (P<0.05) GLUT4 and CPT1B, whereas these genes were downregulated (P<0.05) in ST muscle with C16:1 infusion. These results show that C16:1 infusion for 28 days reduced weight gain, intramuscular adipocyte size and total lipid content, and circulating insulin levels. These changes appear to be mediated through alterations in expression of genes regulating glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation specifically in the muscles.
Excessive levels of starch in diets for lactating dairy cattle is a known risk factor for milk fat depression, but little is known about how this risk is affected by differences in rates of starch degradability (Kd) in the rumen. The objective of this study was to compare accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates causing milk fat depression, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), when corn with low or high Kd were fed to continuous cultures. Diets contained (dry matter basis) 50% forage (alfalfa pellets and grass hay) and 50% concentrate, with either no added fat (LF) or 3.3% added soybean oil (HF). Within both the LF and HF diets, 3 starch degradability treatments were obtained by varying the ratio of processed (heat and pressure treatments) and unprocessed corn sources, giving a total of 6 dietary treatments. Each diet was fed to dual-flow continuous fermenters 3 times a day at 0800, 1600, and 2400h. Diets were fed for four 10-d periods, with 7d for adaptation and 3d for sample collection. Orthogonal contrasts were used in the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS to test the effects of fat, starch degradability, and their interaction. Acetate and acetate:propionate were lower for HF than for LF but daily production of trans-10 18:1 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA were higher for HF than for LF. Increasing starch Kd from low to high increased culture pH, acetate, and valerate but decreased butyrate and isobutyrate. Changes in biohydrogenation intermediates (expressed as % of total isomers) from low to high starch Kd included reductions in trans-11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 CLA but increases in trans-10 18:1 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA. The results show that increasing the starch Kd in continuous cultures while holding starch level constant causes elevation of biohydrogenation intermediates linked to milk fat depression.
SUMMARYWe evaluated the effects of two journey times (3 h vs 8 h), two lairage times (2 h vs 14 h) and four ageing periods (4, 6, 8 and 15 d) on instrumental and sensory characteristics of Longissimus dorsi from Angus steers (n = 64). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of journey and lairage time on stressrelated metabolites and hormones. The instrumental analysis included final pH, meat colour, Warner Brätzler shear force, cooking losses, water-holding capacity, and those obtained in the texture profile analysis. The sensory parameters evaluated were odour, flavour, initial and final tenderness, juiciness and connective tissue. Journey time had no effect on most of the analysed variables. The longer lairage time led to dehydration in the steers, increasing haematocrit and total plasma protein, decreased glycemia and increased urinary concentration of cortisol. Regarding instrumental quality of beef, longer lairage time increased springiness and chewiness in the texture profile analysis, while decreasing tenderness and juiciness at sensory evaluation. The longer ageing time (15 days) decreased Warner Brätzler shear force and hardness in the texture profile analysis, and increased tenderness and juiciness in the sensory analysis. These results indicate that, under the experimental conditions used in this study, journey times of up to 8 h did not affect neither physiological indicators of stress nor beef quality, while longer lairage time impaired both physiological indicators of stress and beef quality. Ageing time of 15 days improved tenderness and juiciness of beef.
Objectives: The objectives of these studies are to evaluate: 1) uptake of a pulse dose of 13 C16:1 cis-9 at varying levels into the blood and 2) glucose and insulin changes after pulse dose of 0 or 5 mg C16:1 cis-9/kg body weight (BW) under challenge conditions in obese lambs. Methods:Two experiments were conducted to evaluate uptake of U-13 C16:1 cis-9 into the blood and changes in glucose and insulin under challenges. In the first experiment, lambs (67.4 ± 1.4 kg BW, n=3) received jugular catheters and were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square. Treatments were 0, 2 or 5 mg/kg BW of U-13 C16:1 cis-9 in 40% (wt/v) ethanol and blood samples were collected post infusion for glucose, fatty acid and insulin analyses. In the second experiment, lambs (86.7 ± 1.5 kg BW; n=4) received jugular catheters. Treatments were 0 or 5 mg/kg BW of C16:1 in 40% (wt/v) ethanol immediately followed by a glucose (0.25 g/kg) or insulin (0.02 mIU/kg) challenge. Results:Both the 2 and 5 mg/kg BW dose of U-13 C16:1 cis-9increased (P=0.003) C16:1 cis-9in serum compared to 0 mg/kg BW. The 5 mg/kg BW dose had a greater magnitude of increase for serum C16:1 and resulted in increased whole blood glucose levels for first 60 min and altered insulin levels for first 30 min. During the glucose tolerance test, C16:1bolus infusion increased (P=0.02) peak, overall, and area under the curve for plasma glucose levels. During the insulin challenge, C16:1-treated lambs had increased glucose levels (P=0.04) and peak, overall, and area under the curve plasma insulin (P=0.0001). Conclusion:Palmitoleic acid infusion results in immediate uptake and clearance of serum palmitoleic acid, increases plasma glucose levels, and alters circulating insulin levels.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.