24Clinical studies have reported beneficial effects of a maternal low glycaemic index (GI) diet 25 on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, but the impact of the diet on the offspring in later life, 26 and the mechanisms underlying these effects, remain unclear. In this study, Albino Wistar rats 27 were fed either a low GI (n=14) or high GI (n=14) diet during pregnancy and lactation and their 28 offspring weaned onto either the low or high GI diet. Low GI dams had better glucose tolerance offspring, but the male low GI offspring did have reduced hepatic lipid content at weaning. 36These findings suggest that consuming a low GI diet during pregnancy and lactation can 37 improve glucose tolerance and reduce visceral adiposity in the female offspring at weaning, 38 and may potentially produce long-term reductions in the hepatic lipogenic capacity of these 39 offspring. 40

The biodegradation and biodetoxification ability of five prominent mycotoxins, namely aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin-A (OTA), zearalenone (ZON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) of Cupriavidus genus were investigated. Biological methods are the most appropriate approach to detoxify mycotoxins. The Cupriavidus genus has resistance to heavy metals and can be found in several niches such as root nodules and aquatic environments. The genus has 17 type strains, 16 of which have been investigated in the present study. According to the results, seven type strains can degrade OTA, four strains can degrade AFB1, four strains can degrade ZON and three strains can degrade T-2. None of the strains can degrade DON. The biodetoxification was measured using different biotests. SOS-chromotest was used for detecting the genotoxicity of AFB1, the BLYES test was used to evaluate the oestrogenicity of ZON, and the zebrafish embryo microinjection test was conducted to observe the teratogenicity of OTA, T-2 and their by-products. Two type strains, namely C. laharis CCUG 53908 T and C. oxalaticus JCM 11285 T reduced the genotoxicity of AFB1, whilst C. basilensis DSM 11853 T decreased the oestrogenic of ZON. There were strains which were able to biodegrade more than two mycotoxins. Two strains degraded two mycotoxins, namely C. metalliduriens CCUG 13724 T (AFB1, T-2) and C. oxalaticus (AFB1, ZON) whilst two strains C. pinatubonensis DSM 19553 T and C. basilensis degraded three toxins (ZON, OTA, T-2) and C. numazuensis DSM 15562 T degraded four mycotoxins (AFB1, ZON, OTA, T-2), which is unique a phenomenon amongst bacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00284-020-02063-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin which is present in food products as a contaminant, and it is one of the hazardous toxins causing health risks in animals and humans. One of the main health issues is the damage to kidneys. The most adopted technique used in detoxification of this mycotoxin is biodegradation. In this study, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolated from soil samples was used for the detoxification of ochratoxin, and also this study explains the antibiotic resistance potential of this organism. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was tested to see if they could break down ochratoxin A(OTA). Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was shown to be able to break down OTA among the tested microorganisms. We tested the ability of A. calcoaceticus to degrade OTA in LB medium at 25 and 28°C, with OTA concentrations of 2ppm, 6ppm, and 10ppm. A. calcoaceticus was able to break down OTA from a starting concentration of 10 (g/ml) at these conditions. At 25 and 30°C, A. calcoaceticus removed an average of 0.1005 and 0.0636 (g/ml/h of OTA, respectively, from a medium containing an initial concentration of 10 (g/ml). A. calcoaceticus degraded ochratoxin A significantly during and after the log phase of cell development at both incubation temperatures. The hypothesis is that A. calcoaceticus degraded OTA into an ochratoxin with reduced toxicity. At the same time the potential of this microorganism strain was also measured using susceptibility testing and it showed the potential of development of its resistance. Strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolated from soil samples were tested for their susceptibility against different unrelated classes of antibiotics. A. calcoaceticus was resistant to multiple antibiotics. In vitro degradation assays were used exposing the toxin to the degrading enzyme or microorganism in a controlled laboratory environment. The degradation of the toxin was monitored using various techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The significance of this study is to highlight the capability of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in degrading ochratoxin A, so that health risks associated with it can be reduced; also, the antibiotic resistance potential measurement helps in development of optimum antimicrobial strategy.

Fighting against and decreasing the effect of mycotoxins is an emerging problem. Among postharvest methods are physical, chemical, and biological ones. This study is focusing on the biological tools for minimalizing the harmful effect of the ochratoxin-A (OTA) occurring on crops and fodders. The bacteria Cupriavidus basilensis ÖR16 strain has very good ability to detoxify ochratoxin-A to phenylalanine and ochratoxin-alfa. In previous studies the degradation rate of the ÖR16 bacteria was over 98%. The whole genome sequencing was also performed by our group in 2012. During this research, the enzymes, and genes responsible for the OTA degradation were characterized via transcriptome analyses. 15 genes were identified, which could play role in the degradation of OTA. Testing and investigating these nominated genes and enzymes could lead for a prepared fodder additive, which can help in the elimination of the negative effects of OTA in the future.