In our patients the prevalence of cutaneous involvement was similar to those of nearby countries (with similar climate). Renal involvement was seen more than some other countries especially more than European countries, while other manifestations (such as hematologic and joint involvement) were similar to European countries (with similar ethnicity). We may conclude that genetic and/or climatic factors may lead to different presentations of lupus.

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In oral corticosteroid subset, younger age of disease onset and psychosis were significantly associated with AVN, whereas malar rash and oral ulcer showed negative association AVN.

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