Because of essential economic and ecological concerns, there is increased interest worldwide in developing wheat cultivars that are more efficient in utilizing nitrogen (N) and better suited to N limitations. The objective of the present investigation was to get information on the type of gene action controlling the inheritance of wheat low-N tolerance traits in order to start a breeding program for improving such traits. Six parents of contrasting low-N tolerance were crossed in a diallel fashion. Evaluation of 6 parents, 15 F 1 crosses and 15 F 2 crosses was done using a randomized complete block design with three replications under two levels of soil N, i.e. low-N (0 kg N/ha) and high-N (180 kg N/ha).The magnitude of dominance variance in F 2 's for all studied traits was much greater than that of additive variance under both high N and low N, suggesting that selection should be postponed to later segregating generations in order to eliminate masking effects of dominance variance and take advantage of the additive variance for the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield traits. Narrow-sense heritability (h 2 n ) in F 2 's was generally of higher magnitude under low-N than high-N, suggesting that it is better to practice selection for studied nitrogen efficiency and grain yield traits under low-N conditions to obtain higher values of selection gain.Additional keywords: gene action; NUE; NUPE; non-additive; heritability; selection gain Abbreviations used: 100-GW (100-grain weight); BYPP (biological yield/plant); GCA (general combining ability); GPS (grains/ spike); GYPP (grain yield/plant); HI (harvest index); HN (high nitrogen); LN (low nitrogen); NUE (nitrogen use efficiency); NUPE (nitrogen uptake efficiency); NUTE (nitrogen utilization efficiency); SCA (specific combining ability); SPP (spikes/plant) Authors' contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments, and supervised the work: AMMA, RS and MMA. Performed the experiments: ZER. Analyzed the data: AMMA and ZER. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MMA, AMMA, RS and ZER. Managed the literature searches: AMMA and RS. Wrote the paper: AMMA. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Supplementary material (Tables S1, S2,
The new durum wheat cultivar Bani Sweef 4 has been selected from one of the advanced lines among exotic collections grown in wheat breeding program at Sids Research Station. The grain yield of the new cultivar Bani Sweef 4 was evaluated thought 44 experiments conducted three different levels (5 micro, 18 macro and 21 verification yield trials) from 2001/2002 to 2005/2006 seasons. The obtained results proved the superiority of the new cultivar Bani Sweef 4 compared with the local commercial checks; Bani Sweef 1 , Bani Sweef 3 and Sohag 3 in Middle Egypt and in some other parts in Upper Egypt in yield ,physical and chemical content. Moreover, the new cultivar Bani Sweef 4, expressed its high resistance to the three wheat rusts (stripe , leaf and stem) at both seedling and adult stages . In addition, Bani Sweef 4 showed high semolina percentage content comparing to the other three local checks (Bani Sweef 1 , Bani Sweef 3 and Sohag 3 ) . It could be concluded that Bani Sweef 4 is recommended for Middle Egypt for high grain production and grain quality per unit area .
The new promising durum wheat cultivar Bani Suef 6 was newly released from Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Egypt. Bani Suef6 has been selected from CIMMYT materials grown at Sids Agricultural Research Station. Yield evaluation was performed through 31 experiments conducted at different levels of preliminary and advanced yield trials during the three successive growing seasons from 2004/2005 to 2006/2007. The results revealed that the new durum wheat cultivar Bani Suef6 has high yielding ability compared with commercial durum wheat cultivars. Moreover, stability analysis for grain yield showed that Bani Suef 6 has better stability parameters in the three main regions for durum wheat cultivated in Egypt, i.e., Middle Egypt, Upper Egypt and Out Valley. Also, the results of rust diseases reactions cleared that Bani Suef 6 has high resistance to leaf and stem rust diseases. Studies on yield components of Bani Suef 6 revealed that the new cultivar had significantly surpassed the check durum cultivars in number of spikes/m 2 , number of kernels/spike and higher 1000-kernel weight confirming the contribution of yield components in improving grain yield of the new durum cultivar Bani Suef 6. Studies on number of days to heading revealed that Bani Suef 6 recorded 98.7 days to heading which was earlier than some durum cultivars and almost equal to the average of all cultivars (99.1 days). Similarity, Bani Suef 6 was the earliest in physiological maturity (147.7 days) while other durum checks ranged from 149.0 to 150.8 with an average of 149.7 days. Bani Suef 6 recorded the lowest plant height (101.0 cm vs. 106.0 cm for the average of other cultivars). Physical and chemical analyses of durum wheat grains showed that the new cultivar Bani Suef 6 had a higher score over the average of the other four durum cultivars in hectoliter (83.1 vs. 82), Semolina (77.0 vs. 76.6%), protein (12.9 vs. 12.3%), wet gluten (29.6 vs. 28.4%) and dry gluten (
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