The decimal code for the growth stages of cereal crops, devised by Zadoks, Chang & Konzak (1974) and expanded by Tottman & Makepeace (1979) and Tottman (1987) was found to be generally applicable to annual graminaceous species encountered as arable weeds in the United Kingdom. For the great majority of growth stages no difficulties were found in using the Zadoks code, but agronomists, crop protection advisers and farmers identified practical problems in assessing the transition from tillering to stem elongation to node development in certain species. It is recommended that these problems could be minimised if label and advisory statements avoided the use of GS30-pseudostem (leaf sheath) erectionas a growth stage description for annual grass weeds. The benefits of being able to use one key for graminaceous crops and weeds in the United Kingdom considerably outweigh any inconvenience caused by the need to amend herbicide labels to achieve this objective.
Microelectrophoretic analysis of conidia of lactose grown cultures of Acremonium diospyri revealed a predominantly amino carboxyl surface, possibly associated with polyphosphate. Glucosegrown conidia possessed a much lower overall charge density. These observations are discussed in relation to the general cultural behaviour of A. diospyri in the presence of these different carbon sources.
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