Adoption of agricultural technology may solve problem of farmers in agriculture, but its environmental, social and economic impacts should be evaluated in advance of field and laboratory experiments in context of food crops. The use of brewery sludge (BS) technology is one of the means by which soil fertility, crop production and productivity can be improved to meet the growing food demands of people in the world. However, the use of BS or brewery by-product as alternative means of organic fertilizer source in agriculture was ignored by farmers in Ethiopia for decades. This study was elucidated the environmental, social and economic impacts of brewery waste recycling in agricultural crop production. Additionally, the obtained information was forwarded to Ethiopian government to include this environmentally friend technology in agricultural policy of country. Primary data were collected from respondents drawn from smallholder farmers who used BS on their farm lands, and in supplement of this study field experiments also carried out on research station and farm site to evaluate crops productivity. Descriptive statistics and other experimental methods were used evaluate the obtained data. The use brewery waste recycling technology in agriculture has an impact of environmentally friend, better crops productivity, socially acceptable and economic importance.
In this study the perceptions of small-scale commercial farmers in Eritrea of the importance of various risk responses are ascertained and analysed to gain insight into their risk-management strategies. Data were elicited through a survey of 186 small-scale commercial farmers conducted in three zobatat (regions) of Eritrea. Factor Analysis is used to investigate heterogeneity in sample farmers' responses. Results indicate that relatively more important risk responses include the use of internal and external sources of information, on-farm and off-farm diversification, choice of production system and product marketing arrangements. Farmers' perceptions of risk responses vary according to farm type, geographical location, farm and farmer characteristics, as well as the existence of enterprise specific risk responses (e.g. livestock insurance) and differences in the marketing regulations of various agricultural products.
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