Abstract. Geographic Information System (GIS)and Geoportal with open access «River basins of the European Russia» were implemented. GIS and Geoportal are based on the map of basins of small rivers of the European Russia with information about natural and anthropogenic characteristics, namely geomorphometry of basins relief; climatic parameters, representing averages, variation, seasonal variation, extreme values of temperature and precipitation; land cover types; soil characteristics; type and subtype of landscape; population density. The GIS includes results of spatial analysis and modelling, in particular, assessment of anthropogenic impact on river basins; evaluation of water runoff and sediment runoff; climatic, geomorphological and landscape zoning for the European part of Russia. IntroductionCurrently, in Russia, there is no integrated geospatial database or geographic information system tied to the basins of small rivers. The urgency of creating such a complete coverage GIS that is capable to accumulate large volumes of spatial information on natural systems and integrated information on the state of small river basins is in relevancy of studying the results of increasing anthropogenic impact, as well as climatic changes observed in different landscape areas on basin geographic systems. The large region of Russia -its European part which is some 4 million square kilometres with the most part of population and industrial and agricultural potential of the country -is being fundamentally studied in terms of geographical analysis of minor river basins and river runoff while creating designated geographic information system (GIS) "River basins of the European Russia". The designed GIS is considered to be a base for modern data and knowledge on geographic, hydroclimatic, geoecological and other characteristics of natural resource potential of tens thousands river basins. The thematic information sources are the data from long-term monitoring's, Earth's remote sensing, and accumulated corpus of cartographic materials from state surveys. The GIS includes not only actual information, but also the results of its comprehensive spatial analysis and modelling, assessments of anthropogenic load on river basins, the results of studying the patterns of water runoff formation depending on the landscape and geographical conditions in the European part of Russia.The information accumulated in the GIS is located on the geoportal "River basins of the European Russia" with public (open) access, which will enable a wide range of representatives of a scientific community and experts in the field of environmental management and protection to obtain thematic
The analysis of the geoecological state of basin geosystems was carried out by evaluation of the anthropogenic pressure on the basin. As indicators that directly or indirectly reflect the anthropogenic impact, the following were used: population density in the basin, density of the road network, and agricultural development of the basin territory. The spatial and statistical distributions of indicators were analyzed after the indicators were brought to a unified scale (transformation, normalization). The integral indicator of anthropogenic pressure, calculated as a linear combination of individual variables, was ranked to six categories of anthropogenic pressure: “absent”, “very low”, “low”, “moderate”, “high”, and “very high”. Using the developed methodology and prepared geodata, for the first time at scale of 1:200,000, the territory of the Volga Federal District was zoned according to the anthropogenic pressure on each river basin. Basins with a high and very high pressure are concentrated around large cities. Most of the basins belonging to the categories of low and moderate anthropogenic pressure are located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones with maximal agricultural development. Basins with zero and very low pressure lie in the north of the study area, in the forest zone, and in the southern Ural.
Работа посвящена влиянию изменения площади пахотных угодий на темпы эрозии почв на участ-ках Европейской части России, расположенных в различных климатических, ландшафтных и гео-морфологических условиях. По результатам визуального дешифрирования разносезонных снимков Landsat-5 и -8 рассчитаны площади используемых пахотных угодий в девяти речных бассейнах для двух временных срезов (середина 1980-х гг. и современный период 2013-2015 гг.) и оценены произо-шедшие за 30 лет изменения. Пашня является преобладающей категорией в структуре землепользова-ния практически на всех участках и составляет от 40 до 65 % в 2015 г. Выявлено сокращение пашни во всех исследуемых бассейнах. Проведена оценка влияния сокращения пахотных угодий на темпы смыва почв. Используя цифровую модель рельефа SRTM с пространственным разрешением 30 м, рассчита-ны следующие морфометрические показатели рельефа для используемых и заброшенных пахотных зе-мель: крутизна склонов, длина линий стока, топографический фактор LS. По результатам расчётов на-блюдается сокращение средних значений фактора рельефа LS с 1985 по 2015 г. на пахотных угодьях во всех рассматриваемых бассейнах. Полученные данные подтверждают, что сокращение площади пашни является одним из факторов, обуславливающих современное сокращение темпов смыва, наблюдаемо-го в полевых исследованиях. ключевые слова: Landsat, SRTM, пахотные угодья, морфометрия рельефа, смыв почв, Европейская часть России Одобрена к печати:
Using the Volga (Privolzhskii) Federal District as an example, we offer the solution of such a currently central scientific and methodological problem as automated identification of the boundaries of basin geosystems under different landscape and geomorphological conditions in terms of multiresolution digital elevation models. The main stages of work are described, namely the development of the digital elevation model, its hydrological adjustment, identification of the boundaries of basin geosystems, and validity assessment of results obtained. The technique has been developed for constructing a hydrologically valid digital elevation model with the purpose of identifying the boundaries of basin geosystems.
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