The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of six acaricides against the two spotted spider mite, T. urticae, infesting eggplant and pepper plants during the two growing season, 2016 and 2017, under laboratory and field conditions. The tested acaricides namely: abamectin 1.8% EC, buprofezin 25% WP, Abamectin 5% EC, chlorfenapyr 24% SC, hexythiazox 5% WP and fenpyroximate 5% EC. Abamactin 1.8% was the most effective acaricides followed by buprofezin, abamactin 5%, chlorfenapyr, hexythiazox and fenpyroximate, respectively. The LC 50 values were 1, 5, 10, 45, 88 and 100 mg/l, respectively. The tested acaricides indicated significant reduction for population of T. urticae under field conditions during the first and second seasons. The reduction percentages were 77.

This work was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of some insecticides against honeybee workers under laboratory conditions. Among the tested insecticides, Deltamethrin was the most toxic compound followed by Methomyl while Chlorpyrifos was the least one followed by Profenfos after 24, 48, and 72 hr., of topical exposure. The results indicated that there was negative relationship between the time post treatment and lechal concentration (LC 50 ) values of all the tested insecticides. The LD 50 values were 9.5, 10.45, 3.68, 18.33 and 12.55 µg/bee for Methomyl, Cyhalothrin, Deltamethrin, Chlorpyrifos and Profenfos, respectively after 24 hr., of exposure. In this respect, the toxicity of the insecticide Deltamethrin was 2.58 times more than Methomyl, 2.83 times than Cyhalothrin, 4.98 times than Chlorpyrifos and 3.41 times than Profenfos. On the other hand, the toxicity of Methomyl was 1.93 times, more than Chlorpyrifos 1.37 times than Profenfos and 1.1 times than Cyhalothrin. The toxicity of the tested insecticides against the workers of honeybee after 48 hr., of topical exposure showed LD 50 values range from 2.44 to 12.32 µg/bee. The insecticide Deltamethrin was the highest toxic compound where as the Chlorpyrifos was the least toxic one. The other insecticides occupied intermediate degree of toxicity. Deltamethrin toxicity in comparision to the other tested insecticides revealed that it was more toxic than Methomyl by 2.21 times, 2.93 times than Cyhalothrin, 5.01 times than Chlorpyrifos and 3.82 times than Profenfos. The LD 50 of Deltamethrin was 1.01 mg/l, 0.1mg/l to Methomyl, 5.21 µg/bee to Cyhalothrin, 7.58 mg/l to Chlorpyrifos and 6.11 mg/l to Profenfos. On the other hand, the corresponding LD 90 were 2.31 to Deltamethrin, 8.71 to Methomyl, 9.98 to Cyhalothrin, 13.75 to Chlorpyrifos and 15.73 µg/bee to Profenfos. The tested insecticides could be arranged descendingly as follows: Deltamethrin > Methomyl > Cyhalothrin > Profenfos > Chlorpyrifos.

The acute and subchronic toxicity of diazinon and sodium benzoate to the Nile tilapia fish, Oreochromis niloticus L. 60 g weight were studied. The obtained results showed that the LC 50 after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr., post treatment to the insecticide diazinon were 8.377, 6.852, 6.200 and 5.679 mg/l, respectively. Exposed fish to sublethal concentration of diazinon (0.56 mg/l) and sodium benzoate at 150 mg/l for 21days caused some biochemical and histopathological changes in some blood components and organs. Diazinon increased alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), glucose, total protein, albumin, creatinine and cholesterol activities, while acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and uric acid were decreased. Sodium benzoate caused an increase of ALT, AST, glucose, total protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid and cholesterol activities. The histopathological studies showed degeneration of hepatocytes, congestion of blood vessels and revealed degenerative changes on some organs and cystic dilatation of some renal tubules together with congestion of renal blood vessels and mild to moderate lymphocytic infiltration were detected compared with control fish (untreated)

Eggplant and pepper plants were sprayed with abamectin and buprofezin, respectively once at the recommended rate to study the residues and effect of tap water and acetic acid (1%) treatment as washing solution on their residues. Their risk assessment was also studied and summarized results show the following: The initial amounts of each pesticide in leaves of eggplant and pepper were much higher than the fruits. Loss percentages in residue amounts were higher in eggplant and pepper fruits than leaves. The washing of treated fruits (eggplant and pepper) with tap water and acetic acid 1% reduced considerable amounts of abamectin and buprofezin residues and it was noticed that the effect of acetic acid 1% was better than tap water in removing pesticide residues. Abamectin half-life values were 2.23 and 3.58 days on eggplant fruits and eggplant leaves, respectively. Data also revealed that fruits were consumed safely after 9 days of treatment, according to the MRL (EU Pesticides database -European Commission was 0.09 mg/kg) and risk quotient (RQ). Washing with tap water and acetic acid (1%) doesn't change this period. The calculated half-life values of buprofezin were 1.94 and 2.55 days in pepper fruits and leaves, respectively. This indicated that only 1 day was long enough to reduce the residues below the maximum residue limits (2mg/kg) on pepper according to the EU Pesticides database -European Commission and RQ. While washing with tap water and acetic acid (1%) reduced this period to two hours.

The citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is one of the most serious pests of nursery as well as young plantations of citrus. The present work aimed to study host preference, spatial distribution within the tree's canopy and chemical control of CLM in citrus orchard located at Inshas District, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The obtained results indicated that CLM significantly preferred to attack navel orange and eureka lemon more than valencia orange, mandarin, baladi orange and bitter orange. This preference of CLM to navel orange may be attributed to the highly contents of carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, protein and ascorbic acid in navel orange leaves in comparison with the other tested hosts. On the contrary, bitter orange was the lowest preferred host to CLM because of its lowest content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein and humidity. On the other hand, the present results showed that CLM highly distributed in west direction more than the other directions and center of host trees during spring season. With respect to control of CLM, the obtained results showed that KZ oil was the most effective compound in controlling CLM infesting navel orange trees; while, lambda, super misrona, diver, albolium and abamectin exhibited moderate ranks in controlling CLM. Acetamipride was the least effective insecticide.

Biological characters and life table parameters of Amblyseius gossipi Elbadry were determined at three different kind of food. Duration of immature stages of A. gossipi were nearly similar when fed on different diets. Development % was significantly affected by the kind food where it was highly 90% when predatory mite fed on the animal prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch followed by its feeding on date palm pollens, 76% and Maize pollen, 72%.Longevity and fecundity of A.gossipi when feed on different food Date palm pollens and Maize pollens were successful alternative diet compared with live prey, T. urticae.Net reproductive rate (R o ) differed according to different food, these values averaged 21.54, 15.33 and 6.32 times for T. urticae, Date palm pollens and Maize pollens. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) was .31, 0.14 and 0.10 individual/♀/dayfor the above same order. The mean generation time (T) was decreased on Maize pollen.The daily rate of T. urticae consumption increased with increasing prey density to a maximum average of about 5.31 / individual/day at prey density of 15 / leaf disc compared with10 and 5 / leaf disc. The effect of temperatures on life cycle, developmental rate and survival immature % of A. gossipi fed on T. urticae was significant. Longevity was the longest at 25ºC compared with 20 and 30ºC where these values were 28.72 and 36.80 days for male and female, respectively. Female of A. gossipi laid 48.18 eggs at 30ºC, 35.88 eggs at 25ºC and 24.60 eggs at 20ºC. Temperature had significant differences with prey consumed where, A. gossipi consumed high number of prey when fed on T. urticae at 30ºC for male and female. The mean generation time (T) was decreased when the temperature increased, the net reproductive rate (R o ) value were 8.21, 16.36 and 23.15 times for 20, 25 and 30ºC respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) were 0.11, 0.13 and 0.23 individual/♀/day for the above same order.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the following aspects; efficiency of abamectin alone or in binary mixtures with mineral oil and fertilizer against spider mite, Tetranychus urticae individuals, effect of adding mineral oil and fertilizer on physico-chemical properties of abamectin, residues determination of abamectin in cucumber fruits and effect of abamectin on yield of cucumber. The results show there were significant differences between treatments during two successive seasons, also, the results clear that adding fertilizer to mineral oil increasing efficiency. Regarding the results in case of 2017 summer season, the results with initial effect cleared that, mineral oil mixed with fertilizer recorded 62.0% reduction in individuals of Tetranychus urticae followed by abamectin alone, abamectin with mineral oil, mineral oil, abamectin with fertilizer and fertilizer. The same trend occurs in state of residual effect. The initial effect after 2 nd spray during 2017, summer season, outcomes clear that adding mineral oil to abamectin cause increasing efficiency to (67.5%) compared with abamectin alone (63%), while, the other treatments ranged between 25 to 52%. The same trend occure in state of residual effect. Also, the results illustrated that abamectin has high effective recorded (95.5%) in 2018 summer season after first spray. while, in case of the residual effect, it was found that adding fertilizer to abamectin reduce abamectin degradation, whereas recorded (96.3%) reduction. In case of yield, the treatments cause increasing in yield ranged between 5.1 to 61.9%. In case of physico-chemical properties, the results indicated that PH values ranged between 3.0 to 6.4, from high acidic to slightly acidic. Addition of fertilizer or mineral oil to abamectin cause increasing surface tension compared with abamectin alone (33.7, 40.6 compared with 31.06 dyn/cm). Also, the results showed that abamectin as acaricide completely disapperd in each treatment in the 12 th day of application. The fruits of cucumber are edible in the 6 th day after spray where the residues of abamectin were less than MRL (0.5)mg/kg -1 . The half life periods (T 1/2) were increased when addition mineral oil and fertilizer to abamectin.

Toxicity of five insecticides belonging to different groups of chemicals, namely: chlorpyrifos, methomyl, emamectin benzoate, protecto and biovar to cotton leafworm were evaluated under the field and laboratory conditions. The effect of the tested chemicals on some biological aspects of 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptra littoralis (Boisd.) were investigated. The lethal concentrate (LC 50 and LC 90) values were calculated after 24, 48, and 72 hr., post-treatment. The obtained results showed that there was a wide range of toxicity of the tested pesticides; however the insecticide bestban showed to be the highest toxic compound effect against 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae, with LC 50 and LC 90 values after 72 hr., post-treatment recording 0.05, 0.22 mg/l and 0.15, 1.10 mg/l for 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae, respectively. On the other hand, the biopesticide biovar exhibited the lowest toxicity to the tested larvae at both levels of toxicity (LC 50 ; LC 90 values after 72 hr., recording 414; 856 mg/l and 1100; 1740 mg/l) for 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae, respectively. The other tested insecticides occupied an intermediate position between the highest and the lowest toxic pesticides. Regarding the biological effects, results showed that, the tested insecticides induced a clear reduction in mean larval weight and mean pupal weight compared with the control. The tested insecticides affected the larval duration, pupal duration, pupation, adult emergence and adult longevity.