Poor cell selection is the main challenge in Picocell (PeNB) deployment in Long Term Evolution- (LTE-) Advanced heterogeneous networks (HetNets) because it results in load imbalance and intercell interference. A selection technique based on cell range extension (CRE) has been proposed for LTE-Advanced HetNets to extend the coverage of PeNBs for load balancing. However, poor CRE bias setting in cell selection inhibits the attainment of desired cell splitting gains. By contrast, a cell selection technique based on adaptive bias is a more effective solution to traffic load balancing in terms of increasing data rate compared with static bias-based approaches. This paper reviews the use of adaptive cell selection in LTE-Advanced HetNets by highlighting the importance of cell load estimation. The general performances of different techniques for adaptive CRE-based cell selection are compared. Results reveal that the adaptive CRE bias of the resource block utilization ratio (RBUR) technique exhibits the highest cell-edge throughput. Moreover, more accurate cell load estimation is obtained in the extended RBUR adaptive CRE bias technique through constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, which further improved load balancing as against the estimation based on the number of user equipment (UE). Finally, this paper presents suggestions for future research directions.
Summary LTE‐Advanced heterogeneous networks deployment is meant to address the increasing demand for quality of service, high data rates and coverage extension. Load balancing is among the primary challenges, especially when the user equipments (UEs) associate with diverse transmission power network tiers using received signal strength. The low‐power network tier's spectrum will be underutilized, and UEs associated with them will be inflicted by interference from the high‐power network tier. The proposed hybrid channel gain prioritized access (HCGPA)‐aware cell association scheme stresses the importance of combined metrics with interference mitigation to simultaneously achieve load balancing and enhance performance among the network tiers. The high‐priority UEs associate with the tier that gives the maximum channel gain being higher than a given threshold. While the low‐priority UEs association is based on the maximum joint metrics (channel gain, channel access probabilities of low‐priority UEs and high‐priority UEs). The HCGPA scheme has 1.72 times the number of UEs connected to low‐power networks, 8% better load balancing fairness, compared with the conventional reference signal receive power and RSRP + 6 dB bias cell associations. Although the susceptibility of HCGPA to interference led to the poor signal to interference to noise ratio (SINR) performance of the cell‐edge UEs, the cell‐centre UEs exhibited the best spectral efficiency performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User equipments (UEs) offloaded from the MeNBs to the PeNBs via cell range extension (CRE) bias in a co-channel deployment suffered severe interference. The severity of the downlink interference varies significantly with the change in the CRE bias. The baseline approach for Interference mitigation technique based on time domain muting (TDM) of resources by MeNBs used trial and error technique which is causing resource wastage and is practically not feasible. Proposed here is a Model for TDM based on estimated cell load conditions and symbol efficiency (SE) as metrics to determine the muting ratio of resources. System level simulation was conducted to validate the throughput performances and the MeNBs-PeNBs resource trade-offs of the proposed method. Compared to the baseline (centralized) approach, the proposed decentralized TDM algorithm exhibited optimal throughput performance and adapted to the change in CRE bias with better trade-offs.
In any developing nation such as Nigeria, the level of her telecommunication and ICT development is an issue that requires adequate planning especially when consideration is given to the amount of traffic and the available bandwidth in the system. Tourism is one of the areas that the Nigerian Government is considering as a source of internally generated revenue and therefore, infrastructure such as traffic free wireless communication system and fast internet accesss need to be provided to woo tourists and make them feel at home. This cannot be achieved unless the traffic is modeled and its analyzed .Yankari Game Reserve is one of the tourist attraction located in Bauchi state, north-eastern Nigeria. Wireless Communication and internet traffic is analysed in this paper using erlang models to improve the systems quality of service. It is shown that a multi-server system is the most appropriate model to reduce amount of delay in a peak period. It is also proven that delay time is reduced significantly when the number of users increases in a multi-server system.
In a Macro eNodeBs (MeNBs)-Pico eNodeBs (PeNBs) deployment scenario, adopting the conventional Reference Signal Receive Power (RSRP)-based cell selection in Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) causes most user equipment (UE) to connect with the MeNBs due to their higher transmit power as against that of the PeNBs, thus leading to serious load imbalance in HetNets. Therefore, this hybrid algorithm combined the channel gain-aware and the access-aware cell association metrics as a single metric for UE to base station association in LTE-Advanced HetNets deployment scenarios. The scenarios considered are the Normal distribution with uniform user distribution, which comprises of 4 PeNBs and 25 uniformly distributed UEs and the clustered distribution, which comprises of 4 PeNBs and 30 UEs, two-third of which are clustered around the the PeNBs as defined by the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard. The developed Hybrid Channel Gain Access Aware (HCGAA) scheme improved load balancing performance by 25.4% and 12.1%, respectively compared with the 3GPP RSRP and RSRP +CRE cell selection. Also, an enhanced pico connection ratio of up to 1.40 times and 1.21 times that of the RSRP and RSRP +CRE cell selection schemes was achieved by the HCGAA algorithm. These improvements translate to the efficient utilization of the network resource and prevent crowding of certain cells in the network. General TermsHeterogeneous networks, LTE-Advanced, load balancing, channel gain and access aware cell selection algorithm KeywordsHeterogeneous networks, LTE-Advanced, cell selection, load balancing, pico connection ratio, normal user distribution and clustered user distribution.
Comparative Analyses of Handover Decision Algorithms (HODA) for horizontal handovers in Long Term Evolution Network (LTE-A) in terms of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were conducted using system level simulation in MATLAB. The KPIs analyzed were the users’ throughput, spectral efficiency, cell –edge Spectral efficiency, handover success rate , call drop Rate, Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of Received Signal Reference Power (RSRP), Average RSRP over Primary Component Carrier (PCC) and Secondary Carrier (SCC) and interruption time. . From the results obtained, the algorithm based on spectrum aggregation of carriers from wireless communication spectrum and television white space band referred to as the proposed-TVWS algorithm showed remarkable performance improvements in all the chosen KPIs when compared with MIF and CONV except in handover success rate at UEs speeds less than 70 km/hr of which MIF-HODA algorithm seemed to perform better. Therefore, the proposed-TVWS has yielded baseline certainty in the increase of wireless network quality of service in addition to the seamless network connectivity for the mobile users.
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