Soil moisture (SM) is a major factor in agricultural practices and earth surface processes. Remote sensing has been widely applied to estimate the soil moisture. However, it is still a challenge to describe the horizontal and vertical availability and the redistribution of soil moisture in time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a soil hydrological model capable of estimating soil moisture variation with high accuracy, which is important in planning and efficient use of land resources. Many methods based on optical or radar satellite data have already been developed to estimate SM under various climatic conditions and geographical distribution. In this study, the agricultural region of Kairouan in central Tunisia was chosen as a study area. To perform SM estimation, we analyzed the relation between the optical satellite data indices, such as the NDVI and the NDWI, and the radar data. In addition, we studied the correlation between the different backscatters (V, H), optical data, DEM and the environmental covariates in order to extract the highest correlation and the most informative data sources. These results will be the input of our model. The combination of remote sensing data, the environmental variables and the associate geospatial data can provide valuable information for soil moisture estimation; this has the potential to support decision making to optimize the land use structure and the water resources management, and for use in precision agricultural applications.
The objective of the research is to study the composting process of rice straw in closed vessels, and to study the influence of adding the green agricultural residues to compost mixture, study some physical and chemical properties of raw materials and compost during the composting operation, study of the microorganism activity by monitoring differences in biomass temperatures and reducing the time requirement by minimizing fermentation time from 6-24 weeks to about 4 weeks only and minimizing the area requirement by using in-vessel vertical bioreactor.. Three identical bioreactor vessels were designed, constructed, and installed to study and test their performance in rapid composting of chopped rice straw. Experiments were carried out to under aeration rate (0.007 m 3 /min) and particle size of chopped rice straw (2.0-12.0 mm).Laboratory tests were also executed to examine and evaluate some chemical properties of the raw materials; Temperature profiles; physical and chemical properties of produced compost. The obtained results showed that, the peak temperatures at the three mixtures compost were 57.3, 58.6 and 57.6
Physical and aerodynamic properties often required for designing the equipments for planting, harvesting, and pos-harvesting operations. Several physical and aerodynamic properties of peanut variety (Giza-4) were evaluated as a function of moisture content at four moisture contents levels (3.97, 15.89, 27.03, and 37.8% w.b.) for pods and (8.11, 17.9, 44.16, and 65.5% w.b.) for stalk pieces. The results showed a linear increase in mass from (0.68 to 1.66 gm) and from (1.67 to 2.58 gm) for stalk and pods respectively with increasing moisture content. The highest values of mean diameter and length were 0.46 and15.84 mm at moisture content 65.5 and 17.9% for stalk, whereas mean diameter and length were 1.61 and 3.68 mm at moisture content 37.8% for pods. Terminal velocity of peanut pods varied from 11.6-12.79 m/s, whereas terminal velocity of stalk ranged between 5.23-7.68 m/s. The highest values of terminal velocity obtained for pods and stalk were 12.79 and 7.68 m/s at moisture content 37.8 and 65.5% respectively, although the lowest values of terminal velocity were 11.6 and 5.23 at moisture content 3.97 and 8.11% for pods and stalks respectively. The effect of moisture content on terminal velocity of peanut pods and their stalk showed a linear increase with increasing moisture content.
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