Serum amyloid A may be used as a prognostic indicator in cases of ascending placentitis in the mare.
SummaryReasons for performing study: Knowledge of commonly encountered fungi infecting the mare's reproductive tract and their respective drug susceptibilities should improve treatment efficacy in mares with fungal endometritis. This is particularly important when practitioners need to start empiric treatment before culture results are complete. Objective: To report the spectrum of fungal isolates from uterine samples from mares with reproductive problems and their respective antifungal susceptibilities. Methods: Equine uterine samples submitted to the Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Centre for fungal culture between July 1999 and June 2011 were reviewed. Each mare's reproductive history, fungal culture results, antifungal susceptibilities and concurrent aerobic culture results were evaluated. Patterns of antifungal susceptibility and resistance were assessed over time. Results: One hundred and two fungal isolates were cultured from 92 uterine samples from mares with reproductive problems. Yeast (69%) and mould with septated hyphae (26%) were the most common isolates. Ninety-five to 100% of all fungal isolates were susceptible to the polyenes, while response to the azoles varied with 47-81% of fungal isolates displaying susceptibility. Yeast isolates were 100% susceptible to the polyenes and least susceptible to miconazole (48%) while isolates of mould with septated hyphae were most susceptible to natamycin (100%) and least susceptible to fluconazole (0%). Conclusions and clinical relevance:Results from this study suggest that polyenes are effective against uterine fungal isolates in vitro and may be the empiric treatment of choice for fungal endometritis. Isolate resistance to specific azoles increased over time.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of meclofenamic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, on luteal function of beef cattle. A total of 18 Angus cows, aged between 2 and 3 years old, were enrolled in the experiment. All cows were synchronized using a 5-day CIDR protocol. Briefly, cows received 100 μg of gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrate (GnRH; Cystorelin®, Merial, Athens, GA, USA) and a controlled internal drug release insert (CIDR; Eazi-BreedTM CIDR®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY, USA). Five days later, the CIDR was removed and 50 mg of dinoprost (Lutalyse®, Pfizer Animal Health) was administered intramuscularly. Oestrus was determined by twice daily observations of mounting behaviour and tail painting scores (day of oestrus = Day 0). At 72 h after dinoprost, a second dose of gonadorelin (100 μg, IM) was administered. On Day 14, cows were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: 1) control: 10 mL of saline solution administered IM; 2) systemic: 2 g of meclofenamic acid administered IM; and 3) oral: 2 g of meclofenamic acid administered orally. Cows were treated once daily for 11 days (i.e. until Day 24) and no adverse reactions were observed. Blood sampling and ovarian ultrasonography were performed every 72 h from Day 0 until Day 12 and then every 48 h until the end of the study. Serum progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay and were used to determine functional luteolysis (i.e. progesterone <1 ng mL–1). Ovaries were evaluated for the presence of a corpus luteum and to evaluate follicular growth and subsequent ovulation. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the day of peak progesterone concentration, lifespan of the corpus luteum and the length of the oestrous cycle between groups. Significance was set at P < 0.05 and data are presented as means ± standard error of the mean (Table 1). There were no effects of meclofenamic acid administration on any of the parameters evaluated (P > 0.05). In conclusion, meclofenamic acid administration did not affect luteal function in our study. Potentially, higher doses of meclofenamic acid may be necessary to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and prevent luteolysis. Table 1.Effects of meclofenamic acid administration on the day of peak progesterone concentration, lifespan of the corpus luteum (CL) and the length of oestrous cycle in beef cows (mean ± standard error of the mean) Funding was provided by The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, USDA-Animal Health Formula Funds. The authors are also grateful to the staff at the OSU Beef Center Facility for helping with animal handling and care.
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