Seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L. spp. japonica) cultivar ‘M5’ were presoaked in distilled water and treated for 2 or 3 hours with 0, 0.12, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 mM sodium azide solutions prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 3). After treatment the seeds were rinsed for 1 hour in 15 C tap water. Seeds receiving a 2‐hour azide treatment were redried in a fume hood at room temperature for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours prior to planting to develop treatment procedures suitable for transporting dry, treated seeds rather than growing seedlings. Although the scope of this study did not permit field evaluation of the redried treated seeds, it was found that seeds treated for 2 hours with I mM azide and redried for 96 hours had more injury than seeds treated for 3 hours with I mM azide without redrying. Thus, a 1 mM azide treatment for 2 hours with redrying may be near the maximum permissible for sufficient field viability of the M1. Seeds with a 3‐hour azide treatment were planted immediately after rinsing. The seedlings were transported by air to the California test site and transplanted for the mutation study.Criteria used to assess the biological effects of azide on rice were germination, seedling height, and seed sterility in the M1 generation, and chlorophyll‐deficient seedlings and viable mutations in the M2 generation.In general, an increase in azide concentration, along with an increase in the post‐treatment redrying period, resulted in a decrease in M1 germination and seedling height. Azide treatment also induced sterility, the highest concentration producing maximum (62.2%) seed sterility. The same treatment induced chlorophyll mutations in 98.5% of the M1 panicle progenies and in 14% of the M2 seedlings. The viridis type of mutation was most frequent.The highest frequency of viable mutations scored in the adult plant stage was 4.64% on an M2 plant basis. All azide concentrations were mutagenic. Short‐culm and dwarf mutant types were more frequent than the early‐flowering mutant types in the azide‐induced mutation spectrum. Azide should prove useful as a mutagen for the genetics and practical breeding of rice.
Production chemicals are primarily used to treat crude oil to its sale specifications, to minimize process problems, and to treat produced water to meet regulatory guidelines for disposal or injection. Voluminous quantities of various chemicals are used in production operations - Company uses more than 50,000 drums (55 USG standard drums) per year at different locations throughout the field areas. Transferring drums from stores to the facilities, chemicals loading from drums to the tanks, spillages and disposing-off empty drums have been causing numerous operational, health, safety and environmental concerns. Therefore, in line with Company’s policies of enhancing it’s operational & HSE performance, the Company decided huge capital investment (KD 16 Million) for constructing modernized facilities for bulk handling of the production chemicals. This paper outlines the facilities and associated support systems for bulk handling of the chemicals, eliminating use of the conventional chemical drums (55 USG standard drums). The facilities comprise of the Primary Chemical Storage Facility consisting of ten (10) storage tanks for receiving the chemicals in Road Tankers, and subsequent distribution by specialized road tankers (loading arm conforming to API-RP 1004) to the Secondary Storage Facilities in the Gathering Centers (20 Nos.) located in different field areas. The Primary Storage Facility is provided with loading & unloading pumps, ethernet based Terminal Automation System (TAS), utilities, control room & offices, fire-fighting, safety & public address systems, etc. The Secondary Storage Facilities have been provided at the Gathering Centers, with filling connections, instrumentation/controls, pumping facilities, etc. to the Day Tanks. Oil Companies normally outsource chemicals handling activities. But our Company decided to build its own facilities - unique of its kind. Knowing that many oil majors in the region do not possess bulk handling facilities of this magnitude and configuration, our facilities could be a model for others. Company carried out extensive work prior to the project, in examining options, payment procedures, inventories controls, tankers selection, safety systems, waste management, etc. Construction of bulk handling facilities is a landmark that enhances Company’s HSE & operational performance, improves inventories & quality controls, eliminates manual handling, and storage/losses problems.
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