No abstract

This article describes the use of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS) to profile the communication, social, and symbolic abilities of African American 1-year-olds. The CSBS was administered to 93 African American infants at 1 year of age. Results indicated that this sample's CSBS scores were generally similar to those reported in the standardization sample with adequate levels of internal consistency for most scales. Few gender differences occurred. These data support the use of the CSBS to assess the communication skills of African American infants.

No abstract

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is one of the most common illnesses of early childhood, with a higher prevalence among many children with disabilities. Accompanying OME is typically a mild to moderate conductive hearing loss, which, when recurrent or persistent in early childhood, has been linked to late delays in the development of speech, language, and learning. This link has particular importance for children with disabilities who are already at risk for speech, language, and learning difficulties. This article describes the implications of OME for management of children with disabilities. The results of a survey of early childhood special educators on management of young children with OME and the role of the early childhood special educator in intervening with children with disabilities who have OME are discussed.