Breast cancer is the leading cancer type for women with two million new yearly infections and more than half a million dead worldwide. Human Epidermal Receptor 2 (HER2) is a prominent breast cancer biomarker that indicates aggressive cancer and is often associated with a bad prognosis and low survival rates. However, current detection methods for HER2 are often time-consuming, expensive, and require a high level of expertise. Biosensors are devices that turn biological interaction into a readable electronic signal; they are known for their high specificity and selectivity for low concentration, as well as their low cost and ease of use, thus making them a better alternative to traditional methods. Also, saliva is becoming a better alternative to blood for the detection of biomarkers due to its non-invasive collection in large quantities with simple collection methods with a richness in disease biomarkers including HER2. Thus, this project aims to develop a label-free, low cost, electrochemical biosensor for the detection of HER2 in saliva. This was done by first depositing diazonium salt onto a screen-printed electrode (SPE) through cyclic voltammetry, then immobilizing anti-HER2 antibodies on the activated SPE using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino) propyl carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide. HER2 biomarker concentrations were detected using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy inside a microfluidic system. The biosensor showed a higher linear detection of HER2 (Y = 0.0062X + 0.1066/R2 = 0.9909) in its physiological concentration range of 5 and 40 pg/mL when compared to other interference proteins: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (Y = 0.0016X + 0.0188/R2 = 0.8072) and Human Epidermal Receptor 3 (Y = (0.0035X + 0.0225/R2 = 0.1302). The biosensor was then used to detect 10 pg/mL of HER2 concentration in real saliva using the standard addition methods (Y = 0.0118X + 0.1282/R2 = 0.9876).
Bipolar disorder is known to be a group of affective disorders depicted by depressive manic or hypomanic disorders. Indeed, considered as an oldie as its pharmaceutical usage started in the 19th -century lithium is also a goodie used as the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder. In addition, it is considered to be the only treatment with anti-suicidal effects. During treatment, lithium levels should be monitored as its therapeutic levels (0.5-0.8 mM) in the blood are close to intoxication levels (>1.5 mM) and to severe intoxication levels > 2.5 mM, which might induce coma. That is why it is necessary for patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder to monitor lithium levels frequently. In fact, there are many traditional analytical techniques for lithium detection. Still, these are associated with limitations as they are very expensive, time-consuming, and not found in all laboratories. So, the need to develop a cost-effective, sensitive, and easy-to-handle devices has grown. Affinity sensors constitute a promising potential for the sensitive detection of lithium. This review, to my knowledge, is the first review highlighting the different types of biosensors developed for lithium-ion detection while explaining the mode of action of each biosensor
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