Vasculogenesis is the de novo formation of blood vessels from mesoderm. This process occurs very early in development and provides a convenient system for studying morphogenesis in higher vertebrates. The cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that occur during dorsal aortic vasculogenesis were examined using the monoclonal antibody, CSAT, a reagent known to neutralize the ligand-binding activity of avian p,-integrins. We injected CSAT into quail embryos during a period of active vasculogenesis (4-10 somites). The CSAT antibodies, but not controls, had a marked and reproducible effect on aortic vessel formation. Vasculogenesis appeared to be arrested at the stage when slender cord-like assemblies of angioblasts rearrange to form tubules. Indeed, aortic primordia near the site of CSAT injection did not form patent vessels.
Background: Screening mammography is recommended for early detection of breast cancer but screening rates remain suboptimal.Methods: A primary care portal for a large academic primary practice was developed for all preventive services. Another Web-based system (PRECARES [PREventive CAre REminder System]) was developed for appointment secretaries to manage proactive breast cancer screening. Female patients aged 40 to 75 years were randomly assigned to a control group (usual care) and an intervention group. For the intervention group, 2 monthly letters inviting patients to undergo mammography were sent starting 3 months before they were due for annual screening, followed by a telephone call to nonresponding patients. A subgroup of women employees was further randomized to receive a reminder by either US mail or e-mail.Results: Of the total eligible population of 6665 women identifiedashavingconsentedtoparticipateinresearch,3339 were randomly assigned to the control group and 3326 to the intervention group. The screening rate for annual mammography was 64.3% for the intervention group and 55.3% for the control group (PϽ.001). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups for any of the other adult preventive services. For the employee subgroup, the screening rate was 57.5% for the control group, 68.1% for the US mail group, and 72.2% for the e-mail group (intervention vs control, PϽ.001; e-mail vs US mail; P=.24). Conclusion:The breast cancer screening rate improved significantly with the practice redesign of having appointment secretariesproactivelymanagebreastcancerscreeningneeds.
Light microscopic immunolabeling studies were designed to identify and locate structural components within the cell-free extracellular matrix which lies between the embryonic endocardial and myocardial tubes. Affinity-purified antibodies were used to examine stage 15-22 embryonic chicken hearts. Specimens were immunolabeled by using three different methodologies: 1) postembedding labeling of 10 microns cryostat sections, 2) preembedding labeling (en bloc) of whole hearts, and 3) postembedding labeling of ethanol/acetic acid-fixed paraffin sections. Our results establish the spatial distribution of collagen type I and demonstrate for the first time the presence of collagen type IV and laminin in the myocardial-basement-membrane/cardiac jelly.
Retinoic acid (RA) (78mg/kg) administered to ICR mice on days 9.0,9.5 and 10.0 of pregnancy (plug day = day 1), resulted in cardiac malformations in 37.6% of the surviving fetuses, including transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defects, and double outlet right ventricle. Histological examination of the hearts of embryos observed 24 hours after in vivo or in vitro exposure to RA on day 9 revealed abnormalities in endocardial cushion tissue. The volume of the atrioventricular endocardial was reduced in treated embryos as was the ratio of the size of the cushions to the size of the heart. The endothelial layer of the atrioventricular endocardial cushions appeared to be unaffected by the retinoic acid, however, the mesenchymal cushion cells were significantly reduced in number when compared with controls. Labeling with [3H]-thymidine indicated that the mitotic activity of the mesenchymal cell population was significantly decreased while that of the endothelial cells was comparable to control levels. The extracellular matrix or cardiac jelly of the endocardial cushions also appeared to be affected by RA exposure, as shown by studies utilizing colloidal iron to stain GAGs, which revealed a decrease in the amount of stainable material in treated cushions. Two possible cause for the reduced thymidine index of the cushion mesenchyme are discussed, namely, a direct effect of RA on the mesenchymal cells or an indirect effect via the altered extracellular matrix of the cushion tissue.
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