Results suggested that nasal capnography is a clinically relevant method of estimating PaCO(2) in spontaneously breathing, critically ill dogs, but that values should be interpreted with caution in dogs receiving supplemental oxygen and in dogs with conditions affecting the respiratory system.

No abstract

No abstract

Background: Hypoxaemia is a common concern during equine general anaesthesia.The prevalence and predictors of hypoxaemia in horses undergoing elective anaesthesia in particular are poorly documented. Objectives:To determine and compare the prevalence of hypoxaemia (defined as PaO 2 ≤ 80 mm Hg, on the lowest value recorded) in horses undergoing anaesthesia for exploratory laparotomy and elective procedures, and to identify risk factors in both subpopulations.Study design: Retrospective cohort study.Methods: Data were collected from 774 records of 708 horses undergoing general anaesthesia between April 2017 and August 2020. Potential predictors of hypoxaemia in horses undergoing anaesthesia for exploratory laparotomy or elective procedures were investigated separately by univariable penalised maximum likelihood logistic regression, followed by multivariable analysis. The lowest recorded PaO 2 was used as a single data point for the determination of hypoxaemia and arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ratio analysis.Results: Hypoxaemia was recorded in 23% horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy compared with 3.8% horses undergoing elective anaesthesia (P < .001).Multivariable analysis showed that weight above 550 kg, large intestinal lesions, and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) above 30 cmH 2 O were significantly associated with hypoxaemia in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Soft tissue procedures and PIP >30 cmH 2 O were significantly associated with hypoxaemia during elective anaesthesia.Main limitations: This study only considered the minimum PaO 2 recorded during anaesthesia. Duration and treatment of hypoxaemia were not considered. Conclusions:Based on the lowest PaO 2 value during anaesthesia, in our population, horses undergoing anaesthesia for exploratory laparotomy were over six times more likely to become hypoxaemic than horses undergoing elective procedures.Bodyweight, type of procedure, and high PIP were predictors of hypoxaemia.

Effective outpatient pain management options for dogs are limited.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be contraindicated in some animals, including those with a risk of gastroduodenal ulceration and erosion, kidney disease, or hepatic dysfunction (Kore, 1990). Orally administered opioids are not well-absorbed in dogs and have not been shown to be efficacious in clinical studies (Benitez et al., 2015a,b). Acetaminophen has been used in dogs for the management of acute pain, but to date, there is still very little evidence for analgesic efficacy of this drug in canines (Hernández-Avalos et al., 2020;Leung et al., 2021), or that effective concentrations can be maintained (Madsen et al., 2022).Buprenorphine is a relatively long-acting and potent partial μagonist opioid analgesic used clinically for treatment of mild to moderate pain in dogs and cats (Brodbelt et al., 1997;Watanabe et al., 2018;Watanabe et al., 2020). Oral bioavailability of buprenorphine is low because of extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism; however, it has favorable physiochemical properties, such as high lipophilicity, which meets criteria for transmucosal penetration