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As the single-visit approach for cervical cancer screening gains popularity, more women will have been treated with cryotherapy. Appropriate follow-up screening is therefore vital. Cytology may be a more suitable screening method than VIA in low-resource settings for women treated previously with cryotherapy.

Atherosclerosis is common in patients with end-stage renal disease. Severe calcification of the iliac vessels is expected in the growing pool of kidney transplant candidates. Thus, transplant surgeons must constantly develop alternative operative strategies to deal with the technical challenges that this condition confers. This case report aims to highlight a reconstructive vascular technique to salvage a completely calcified recipient external iliac artery using a deceased donor's arterial iliac allograft from the same donor as the renal allograft in a 59-year-old man, as an effective method to decrease vascular complications.

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41Extensive adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of nuclear-transcribed RNAs is the hallmark 42 of metazoan transcriptional regulation, and is fundamental to numerous biochemical processes. 43Here we explore the origin and evolution of this regulatory innovation, by quantifying its 44 prevalence in 22 species that represent all major transitions in metazoan evolution. We provide 45 substantial evidence that extensive RNA editing emerged in the common ancestor of extant 46 metazoans. We find the frequency of RNA editing varies across taxa in a manner independent 47 of metazoan complexity. Nevertheless, cis-acting features that guide A-to-I editing are under 48 strong constraint across all metazoans. RNA editing seems to preserve an ancient mechanism 49 for suppressing the more recently evolved repetitive elements, and is generally nonadaptive in 50 protein-coding regions across metazoans, except for Drosophila and cephalopods. Interestingly, 51RNA editing preferentially target genes involved in neurotransmission, cellular 52 communication and cytoskeleton, and recodes identical amino acid positions in several 53 conserved genes across diverse taxa, emphasizing broad roles of RNA editing in cellular 54 functions during metazoan evolution that have been previously underappreciated. 55 56The central dogma of molecular biology emphasizes how genetic information passes faithfully 57 from DNA, to RNA, to proteins. However, this dogma has been challenged by the phenomenon 58 of RNA editing -a post/co-transcriptional-processing mechanism that can alter RNA 59 sequences by insertion, deletion or substitution of specific nucleotides, thus producing 60 transcripts that are not directly encoded in the genome 1 . In metazoans, the most prevalent form 61 of RNA editing is the deamination of adenosine (A) to inosine (I), which is catalyzed by a 62 family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) 2,3 . As inosine is recognized in vivo 63 as guanosine by ribosomes and other molecular machinery, RNA editing can affect almost all 64 aspects of cellular RNA functions, from changing mRNA coding potential by altering codons 65 or splicing patterns, to regulating the cellular fate of mRNA by editing its microRNA (miRNA) 66 binding sites 4-6 . RNA editing is particularly pervasive in neural systems, where it has been 67 shown to modulate neural development processes 7,8 , neural network plasticity 9,10 and 68 organismal adaptation to environmental changes [11][12][13] . Defects in RNA editing machinery have 69 been linked to a variety of neurological diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancers 14-18 . 70 Although recent high-throughput sequencing-based analyses have identified a surprisingly 71 large number of RNA-editing sites in different metazoans, including humans 19-23 , mice 24,25 , 72Caenorhabditis elegans 26 , fruit flies 27-30 , ants 31 , bumblebees 32 and cephalopods 33,34 , 73 conclusions about the evolutionary patterns of this phenomenon are inconsistent. For example, 74 while almost all human RNA-editing sites occur...

Objectives: COVID-19 has brought unprecedented attention to the crucial role of diagnostics in pandemic control. We compared SARS-CoV-2 test performance by sample type and modality in close contacts of SARS-CoV-2 cases. Methods: Close contacts of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals were enrolled after informed consent. Clinician-collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs in viral transport media (VTM) were tested with a nucleic acid test (NAT). NP VTM and self-collected passive drool were tested using the PerkinElmer real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay. For the first 4 months of study, mid-turbinate swabs were tested using the BD Veritor rapid antigen test. NAT positive NP samples were tested for infectivity using a VeroE6TMPRSS2 cell culture model. Results: Between November 17, 2020, and October 1, 2021, 235 close contacts of SARS-CoV-2 cases were recruited, including 95 with symptoms (82% symptomatic for <5 days) and 140 asymptomatic individuals. NP swab reference tests were positive for 53 (22.6%) participants; 24/50 (48%) were culture positive. PerkinElmer testing of NP and saliva samples identified an additional 28 (11.9%) SARS-CoV-2 cases who tested negative by clinical NAT. Antigen tests performed for 99 close contacts showed 83% positive percent agreement (PPA) with reference NAT among early symptomatic persons, but 18% PPA in others; antigen tests in 8 of 11 (72.7%) culture-positive participants were positive. Conclusions: Contacts of SARS-CoV-2 cases may be falsely negative early after contact, which more sensitive platforms may identify. Repeat or serial SARS-CoV-2 testing with both antigen and molecular assays may be warranted for individuals with high pretest probability for infection.