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This study demonstrated that CHX-CPC-Zn and CHX-triclosan-Zn have significant and similar effects in reducing VSC levels, which persist for at least 5 h. Such effects were independent of previous MPC, which failed to improve on the results of mouthrinse use alone.

Regarded as one of the best solutions to replace missing teeth in the oral cavity, dental implants have been the focus of plenty of studies and research in the past few years. Antimicrobial coatings are a promising solution to control and prevent bacterial infections that compromise the success of dental implants. In the last few years, new materials that prevent biofilm adhesion to the surface of titanium implants have been reported, ranging from improved methods to already established coating surfaces. The purpose of this review is to present the developed antimicrobial and antibiofilm coatings that may have the potential to reduce bacterial infections and improve the success rate of titanium dental implants. All referred coating surfaces showed high antimicrobial properties with effectiveness in biofilm control, while maintaining implant biocompatibility. We expect that by combining the use of oligonucleotide probes as a covering material with novel peri-implant adjuvant therapies, we will be able to avoid the downsides of other covering materials (such as antibiotic resistance), prevent bacterial infections, and raise the success rate of dental implants. The existing knowledge on the optimal coating material for dental implants is limited, and further research is needed before more definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Purpose: We aim to develop peptic nucleic acid (PNA) probes for the identification and localization of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomintans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in sub-gingival plaque and gingival biopsies by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH).Methods: A PNA probe was designed for each microorganism. The PNA-FISH method was optimized to allow simultaneous hybridization of both microorganisms with their probe (PNA-FISH multiplex). After being tested on representative strains of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans, the PNA-FISH method was then adapted to detect microorganisms in the subgingival plaque and gingival samples, collected from patients with severe periodontitis. Results:The best hybridization conditions were found to be 59 • C for 150 min for both probes (PgPNA1007 and AaPNA235). The in silico sensitivity and specificity was both 100% for PgPNA1007 probe and 100% and 99.9% for AaPNA235 probe, respectively. Results on clinical samples showed that the PNA-FISH method was able to detect and discriminate target bacteria in the mixed microbial population of the subgingival plaque and within periodontal tissues.Conclusion: This investigation presents a new highly accurate method for P. gingivalis and A. actino-mycetemcomitans detection and co-location in clinical samples, in just few hours. With this technique we were able to observe spatial distribution of these species within polymicrobial communities in the periodontal pockets and, for the first time with the FISH method, in the organized gingival tissue.2

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has proven to be particularly useful to describe the microbial composition and spatial organization of mixed microbial infections, as it happens in periodontitis. This scoping review aims to identify and map all the documented interactions between microbes in periodontal pockets by the FISH technique. Three electronic sources of evidence were consulted in search of suitable articles up to 7 November 2020: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus (Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands), and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics: Philadelphia, PA, USA) online databases. Studies that showed ex vivo and in situ interactions between, at least, two microorganisms were found eligible. Ten papers were included. Layered or radially ordered multiple-taxon structures are the most common form of consortium. Strict or facultative anaerobic microorganisms are mostly found in the interior and the deepest portions of the structures, while aerobic microorganisms are mostly found on the periphery. We present a model of the microbial spatial organization in sub- and supragingival biofilms, as well as how the documented interactions can shape the biofilm formation. Despite the already acquired knowledge, available evidence regarding the structural composition and interactions of microorganisms within dental biofilms is incomplete and large-scale studies are needed.

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r e s u m o informação sobre o artigo Historial do artigo: Recebido a 14 de junho de 2019 Aceite a 6 de dezembro de 2019 On-line a 3 de janeiro de 2020 Objetivos: Efetuar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a nova classificação periodontal e propor um fluxograma clínico, para ser utilizado pelos estudantes de medicina dentária e médicos dentistas. Métodos: Foram analisados os artigos produzidos no "The World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions". Foi ainda realizada uma pesquisa complementar nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Scielo, Scopus/Elsevier e EBSCO. A pesquisa foi efetuada com a seguinte equação boleana: "periodontal diseases OR periodontitis OR gingivitis AND classification OR terminology OR periodontal diagnosis. Resultados: Foi elaborado um fluxograma de decisão para doenças periodontais induzidas por placa, nomeadamente a gengivite e periodontite O fluxograma está concebido em dois níveis. O primeiro pretende auxiliar no diagnóstico periodontal propriamente dito e o segundo na caracterização do estadio, grau e extensão da periodontite. Conclusões: O fluxograma elaborado é simples, de fácil aplicação e permite uma simplificação do processo de diagnóstico periodontal, permitindo assim a diminuição de erros de