Dementia diseases are increasing rapidly, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), becoming an alarming problem for the health sector. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a non-invasive study that records brain electrical activity and has a wide field of applications in the medical area, one of which is the detection of neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this work is to present the results of a thorough review of the use of EEG systems for the detection of dementia diseases. Around 82 published papers between 2009 and 2020 were reviewed, and compared among them obtaining data such as sampling time, the number of electrodes, the most popular processing, classification, and validation techniques, as well as an analysis of the reported results. The relationship of the selected parameters with the efficiency obtained is shown, some more common combinations in the reviewed articles that demonstrated to have reliability levels greater than 90% and details to be considered at each stage of the process. An overview of the most commonly used classification tools and processing techniques is also described.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), melanoma is the most severe type of skin cancer and is the leading cause of death from skin cancer worldwide. Certain features of melanoma include size, shape, color, or texture changes of a mole. In this work, a novel, robust and efficient method for the detection and classification of melanoma in simple and dermatological images is proposed. It is achieved by using HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color space along with mathematical morphology and a Gaussian filter to detect the region of interest and estimate four descriptors: symmetry, edge, color, and size. Although these descriptors have been used for several years, the way they are computed for this proposal is one of the things that enhances the results. Subsequently, a multilayer perceptron is employed to classify between malignant and benign melanoma. Three datasets of simple and dermatological images commonly used in the literature were employed to train and evaluate the performance of the proposed method. According to k-fold cross-validation, the method outperforms three state-of-art works, achieving an accuracy of 98.5% and 98.6%, a sensitivity of 96.68% and 98.05%, and a specificity of 98.15%, and 98.01%, in simple and dermatological images, respectively. The results have proven that its use as an assistive device for the detection of melanoma would improve reliability levels compared to conventional methods.
Electromyography (EMG) processing is a fundamental part of medical research. It offers the possibility of developing new devices and techniques for the diagnosis, treatment, care, and rehabilitation of patients, in most cases non-invasively. However, EMG signals are random, non-stationary, and non-linear, making their classification difficult. Due to this, it is of vital importance to define which factors are helpful for the classification process. In order to improve this process, it is possible to apply algorithms capable of identifying which features are most important in the categorization process. Algorithms based on metaheuristic methods have demonstrated an ability to search for suitable subsets of features for optimization problems. Therefore, this work proposes a methodology based on genetic algorithms for feature selection to find the parameter space that offers the slightest classification error in 250 ms signal segments. For classification, a support vector machine is used. For this work, two databases were used, the first corresponding to the right upper extremity and the second formed by movements of the right lower extremity. For both databases, a feature space reduction of over 65% was obtained, with a higher average classification efficiency of 91% for the best subset of parameters. In addition, particle swarm optimization (PSO) was applied based on right upper extremity data, obtaining an 88% average error and a 46% reduction for the best subset of parameters. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was applied to the characteristics selected by PSO and genetic algorithms for the database of the right upper extremity, obtaining that the parameters determined by the genetic algorithms show greater sensitivity for the classification process.
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